Ibiranga ibicuruzwa

Tanga amakuru y'ibicuruzwa

Reba Bisa

Inyandiko & Itangazamakuru

Ibidukikije & Kohereza ibicuruzwa mu byiciro

umuzenguruko wuzuye (IC), nanone bita microelectronic circuit, microchip, cyangwa chip, inteko yaibikoresho bya elegitoronikiibice, byahimbwe nkigice kimwe, aho ibikoresho byoroheje (urugero,transistorsnadiode) n'ibikoresho byoroshye (urugero,ubushobozinaabarwanya) kandi ihuriro ryabo ryubatswe kumurongo muto waigice cya kabiriibikoresho (mubisanzwesilicon).Ibisubizoumuzengurukoni gitomonolithic"Chip," ishobora kuba ntoya nka santimetero kare cyangwa milimetero kare.Ibice bigize uruziga kugiti cye ni microscopique mubunini.

 Kwishyira hamweumuzenguruko ufite inkomoko muguhimba kwatransistormu 1947 naWilliam B. Shockleyn'itsinda rye kuriIsosiyete y'Abanyamerika ya Terefone na Telegraph Laboratoire.Ikipe ya Shockley (harimoJohn BardeennaWalter H. Brattain) yasanze, mu bihe bikwiye,electronByakora bariyeri hejuru ya runakakristu, kandi bize kugenzura imigendekere yaamashanyaraziBinyuze ikristumugukoresha iyi bariyeri.Kugenzura imigendekere ya elegitoronike binyuze muri kristu yemereye itsinda gukora igikoresho gishobora gukora ibikorwa bimwe na bimwe byamashanyarazi, nko kongera ibimenyetso, byakozwe mbere na vacuum.Iki gikoresho bise transistor, uhereye kumajamboihererekanyabubashanarésistor.Ubushakashatsi bwuburyo bwo gukora ibikoresho bya elegitoronike ukoresheje ibikoresho bikomeye byamenyekanye nka leta-ikomeyeibikoresho bya elegitoroniki.Ibikoresho bikomeyebyagaragaye ko ari sturdier cyane, byoroshye gukorana, byizewe, bito cyane, kandi bihenze kuruta umuyoboro wa vacuum.Bakoresheje amahame nibikoresho bimwe, injeniyeri yahise yiga gukora ibindi bikoresho byamashanyarazi, nka résistoriste na capacator.Noneho ko ibikoresho byamashanyarazi byashoboraga gukorwa bito cyane, igice kinini cyumuzunguruko ni insinga zitameze neza hagati yibikoresho.

Ubwoko bwibanze bwa IC

Ikigereranyobitandukanyeimiyoboro ya sisitemu

Ikigereranyo, cyangwa umurongo, umuzunguruko mubisanzwe ukoresha ibice bike bityo rero ni bumwe muburyo bworoshye bwa IC.Mubisanzwe, ibizunguruka bisa bihujwe nibikoresho bikusanya ibimenyetso kuva kuriibidukikijecyangwa ohereza ibimenyetso gusubira mubidukikije.Kurugero, amikoroihindura amajwi ahindagurika mubimenyetso byamashanyarazi ya voltage zitandukanye.Inzira igereranya noneho ihindura ibimenyetso muburyo bwingirakamaro - nko kuyongerera cyangwa kuyungurura urusaku rutifuzwa.Ikimenyetso nk'iki kirashobora noneho kugaburirwa indangururamajwi, ikabyara amajwi yatowe na mikoro.Ubundi buryo busanzwe bukoreshwa muburyo bwo kugereranya ni ukugenzura igikoresho runaka mugusubiza impinduka zihoraho mubidukikije.Kurugero, sensor yubushyuhe yohereza ibimenyetso bitandukanye kuri athermostat, irashobora gutegurwa kugirango ihindure icyuma gikonjesha, icyuma gishyushya, cyangwa itanura hejuru no kuzimya ikimenyetso kimaze kugera kuri runakaagaciro.

Uruzinduko rwa sisitemu, kurundi ruhande, rwashizweho kugirango rwemere gusa voltage yindangagaciro zihariye.Umuzunguruko ukoresha leta ebyiri gusa uzwi nka binary circuit.Igishushanyo cyizunguruka gifite ubwinshi, "kuri" na "kuzimya" byerekana 1 na 0 (ni ukuvuga ukuri nukuri), ikoresha logique yaAlgebra.(Arithmetic nayo ikorerwa muriBinary Umubare Sisitemugukoresha algebra ya Boolean.) Ibi bintu byibanze byahujwe mugushushanya IC kuri mudasobwa ya digitale nibikoresho bifitanye isano kugirango ikore imirimo yifuza.

Microprocessorimirongo

Microprocessorsni IC-bigoye cyane.Zigizwe na miliyari zatransistorsByashyizweho nkibihumbi nibihumbi bya digitaleimirongo, buri kimwe muri byo gikora ibikorwa byihariye bya logique.Microprocessor yubatswe rwose muribi bikoresho bya logique bihujwe hamwe.Microprocessors mubisanzwe irimoigice cyo gutunganya hagati(CPU) ya mudasobwa.

Nka bande igenda, umuzenguruko ukora ibikorwa bya logique gusa ku cyerekezo na bandmaster.Bandmaster muri microprocessor, nukuvuga, yitwa isaha.Isaha ni ikimenyetso gihinduranya vuba hagati yuburyo bubiri.Igihe cyose isaha ihinduye leta, buri logiqueumuzengurukomuri microprocessor ikora ikintu.Ibiharuro birashobora gukorwa vuba cyane, bitewe n'umuvuduko (isaha yisaha) ya microprocessor.

Microprocessors ikubiyemo imirongo imwe n'imwe, izwi nka rejisitiri, ibika amakuru.Abiyandikisha ni ahantu hateganijwe kwibuka.Buri mutunganya afite ubwoko bwinshi bwibitabo.Kwiyandikisha burundu bikoreshwa mukubika amabwiriza yateguwe asabwa kubikorwa bitandukanye (nko kongera no kugwiza).Kwiyandikisha by'agateganyo bibika nimero zigomba gukorerwa kandi ibisubizo.Izindi ngero ziyandikisha zirimo porogaramu yo kubara (nanone yitwa amabwiriza yerekana), ikubiyemo aderesi yibuka amabwiriza akurikira;icyerekezo cya stack (nanone cyitwa igitabo cyitwa stack registre), gikubiyemo adresse yamabwiriza yanyuma yashyizwe mubice byo kwibuka bita stack;na adresse yibuka igitabo, gikubiyemo aderesi yaho iamakurugukorerwa biri cyangwa aho amakuru yatunganijwe azabikwa.

Microprocessors irashobora gukora miliyari yibikorwa kumasegonda kumakuru.Usibye mudasobwa, microprocessor irasanzwe murisisitemu y'imikino,televiziyo,kamera, naibinyabiziga.

Kwibukaimirongo

Microprocessors mubisanzwe igomba kubika amakuru menshi kurenza ayashobora kwandikwa mubitabo bike.Aya makuru yinyongera yimuriwe kumurongo udasanzwe wo kwibuka.Kwibukaigizwe nubucucike bwimirongo ibangikanye ikoresha imbaraga za voltage kubika amakuru.Kwibuka kandi bibika urutonde rwigihe gito rwamabwiriza, cyangwa gahunda, kuri microprocessor.

Ababikora bahora baharanira kugabanya ingano yimikorere yibikoresho-kugirango bongere ubushobozi batongereye umwanya.Mubyongeyeho, ibice bito mubisanzwe bikoresha imbaraga nke, bigakora neza, kandi bigatwara make kubikora.