Ibiranga ibicuruzwa

Inyandiko & Itangazamakuru

Ibidukikije & Kohereza ibicuruzwa mu byiciro

Imirongo ihuriweho

Umuzunguruko uhuriweho (IC) ni chip ya semiconductor itwara ibice bito nka capacator, diode, transistors, na résistoriste.Ibi bice bito bikoreshwa mukubara no kubika amakuru hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga cyangwa igereranya.Urashobora gutekereza kuri IC nka chip ntoya ishobora gukoreshwa nkumuzingi wuzuye, wizewe.Inzira ihuriweho ishobora kuba compteur, oscillator, amplifier, irembo ryumvikana, igihe, ububiko bwa mudasobwa, cyangwa na microprocessor.

IC ifatwa nkibyingenzi byubaka ibikoresho byose bya elegitoroniki.Izina ryayo ryerekana sisitemu yibice byinshi bihujwe byinjijwe mubintu bito, byakozwe na silicon yakozwe na semiconductor.

Amateka Yumuzunguruko 

Ikoranabuhanga inyuma yumuzunguruko ryatangijwe bwa mbere mu 1950 na Robert Noyce na Jack Kilby muri Amerika.Ingabo zirwanira mu kirere z’Amerika nizo zabanje gukoresha iki gihangano gishya.Jack kandi Kilby yagiye gutsindira igihembo cyitiriwe Nobel muri fiziki mu 2000 kubera ko yahimbye IC nto.

Nyuma yimyaka 1.5 nyuma yo kumenyekanisha igishushanyo cya Kilby, Robert Noyce yerekanye verisiyo ye yumuzunguruko.Moderi ye yakemuye ibibazo byinshi bifatika mubikoresho bya Kilby.Noyce kandi yakoresheje silikoni kuri moderi ye, naho Jack Kilby yakoresheje germanium. 

Robert Noyce na Jack Kilby bombi babonye patenti zamerika kubera uruhare rwabo mukuzunguruka.Barwanye nibibazo byamategeko imyaka myinshi.Hanyuma, ibigo byombi bya Noyce na Kilby byafashe icyemezo cyo kwambukiranya imipaka ibyo bahimbye no kubimenyekanisha ku isoko rinini ku isi.

Ubwoko bwumuzunguruko

Hariho ubwoko bubiri bwumuzunguruko.Aba ni:

1. Kugereranya IC

Analog ICs ihora isohora ibisohoka, bitewe nikimenyetso barimo.Mubyigisho, IC nkiyi irashobora kugera kuri leta zitagira imipaka.Muri ubu bwoko bwa IC, ibisohoka urwego rwimikorere ni umurongo wumurongo winjiza urwego rwibimenyetso.

Umurongo wa IC urashobora gukora nka radio-yumurongo (RF) hamwe na majwi-yumurongo (AF).Imikorere ya amplifier (op-amp) nigikoresho gisanzwe gikoreshwa hano.Mubyongeyeho, ubushyuhe bwubushyuhe nubundi buryo busanzwe bukoreshwa.Umurongo wa IC urashobora kuzimya ibikoresho bitandukanye no kuzimya iyo ikimenyetso kigeze ku gaciro runaka.Urashobora gusanga iri koranabuhanga mu ziko, ubushyuhe, hamwe nubushyuhe. 

2. IC 

Ibi bitandukanye na analogi IC.Ntabwo zikora kurwego ruhoraho rwibimenyetso.Ahubwo, bakora kurwego ruto rwashyizweho.Digital ICs ikora muburyo bwifashishije amarembo ya logique.Amarembo ya logique akoresha amakuru abiri.Ibimenyetso muri binary data bifite inzego ebyiri gusa zizwi nka hasi (logic 0) na high (logic 1).

Digital IC ikoreshwa muburyo butandukanye bwa porogaramu nka mudasobwa, modem, nibindi.

Ni ukubera iki Imirongo Yuzuzanya ikunzwe?

Nubwo yahimbwe hashize hafi imyaka 30, imiyoboro ihuriweho iracyakoreshwa mubikorwa byinshi.Reka tuganire kuri bimwe mubintu bishinzwe gukundwa kwabo: 

1.Ubushobozi 

Mu myaka mike ishize, inganda za semiconductor zinjije zigera kuri miliyari 350 USD zidasanzwe.Intel niyo yatanze umusanzu munini hano.Hariho abandi bakinnyi nabo, kandi benshi muribo bari ab'isoko rya digitale.Iyo urebye imibare, uzabona ko 80 ku ijana byagurishijwe byakozwe ninganda ziciriritse zikomoka kuri iri soko.

Inzira zuzuye zagize uruhare runini muri iyi ntsinzi.Urabona, abashakashatsi binganda za semiconductor basesenguye umuzenguruko uhuriweho, imikoreshereze yawo, nibisobanuro byawo barawupima.

IC ya mbere yahimbye yari ifite tristoriste nkeya - 5 kugirango yihariye.Noneho ubu twabonye Intel ya 18-yibanze ya Xeon hamwe na tristoriste miliyari 5.5.Byongeye kandi, Ububiko bwa IBM Ububiko bwari bufite miliyari 7.1 za tristoriste hamwe na cache 480 MB L4 muri 2015.

Ubu bunini bwagize uruhare runini mugukundwa kwamamara ryuzuzanya.

2. Igiciro

Habayeho impaka nyinshi kubiciro bya IC.Mu myaka yashize, habaye imyumvire itari yo ku giciro nyacyo cya IC nayo.Impamvu iri inyuma yibi nuko IC itakiri igitekerezo cyoroshye.Ikoranabuhanga riratera imbere ku muvuduko mwinshi cyane, kandi abashushanya chip bagomba kugendana nuyu muvuduko mugihe babaze igiciro cya IC.

Mu myaka mike ishize, kubara ibiciro kuri IC byakoreshwaga kuri silicon bipfa.Icyo gihe, kugereranya igiciro cya chip birashobora kugenwa byoroshye nubunini bupfa.Mugihe silicon ikiri ikintu cyibanze mubibare byabo, abahanga bakeneye gutekereza kubindi bice mugihe babara igiciro cya IC, kimwe.

Kugeza ubu, abahanga bamaze kugereranya ikigereranyo cyoroshye kugirango bamenye igiciro cya nyuma cya IC:

Igiciro cya nyuma IC = Igiciro cyo gupakira + Igiciro cyikizamini + Gupfa Igiciro + Igiciro cyo kohereza

Iri gereranya ryerekana ibintu byose bikenewe bigira uruhare runini mugukora chip.Usibye kuri ibyo, hashobora kubaho ibindi bintu bimwe bishobora gutekerezwa.Ikintu cyingenzi ugomba kuzirikana mugihe ugereranije ibiciro bya IC nuko igiciro gishobora gutandukana mugihe cyumusaruro kubwimpamvu nyinshi.

Na none, ibyemezo bya tekiniki byose byafashwe mugihe cyo gukora birashobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye kubiciro byumushinga.

3. Kwizerwa

Umusaruro wumuzunguruko uhuriweho nigikorwa cyoroshye cyane kuko bisaba sisitemu zose gukora ubudahwema miriyoni yizunguruka.Imashanyarazi yo hanze yumuriro, ubushyuhe bukabije, nibindi bikorwa byose bigira uruhare runini mubikorwa bya IC.

Nyamara, ibyinshi muribi bibazo byavanyweho hakoreshejwe ikizamini cyagenzuwe neza cyane.Ntabwo itanga uburyo bushya bwo kunanirwa, byongera ubwizerwe bwimikorere ihuriweho.Turashobora kandi kumenya ikwirakwizwa ryananiwe mugihe gito ugereranije no gukoresha impagarara nyinshi.

Izi ngingo zose zifasha kumenya neza ko umuzunguruko uhuriweho ushobora gukora neza.

Byongeye kandi, hano haribintu bimwe na bimwe kugirango umenye imyitwarire yumuzunguruko:

Ubushyuhe

Ubushyuhe burashobora gutandukana cyane, bigatuma umusaruro wa IC bigorana cyane.

Umuvuduko.

Ibikoresho bikora kuri voltage nominal ishobora gutandukana gato.

Inzira

Inzira zingirakamaro cyane zikoreshwa mubikoresho ni voltage yumurongo nuburebure bwumurongo.Guhindura inzira byashyizwe mubikorwa nka:

• Ubufindo kuri byinshi
• Wafer to wafer
• Gupfa

Amapaki Yumuzingi Yuzuye

Ipaki ipfunyika urupfu rwumuzunguruko, bikatworohera kubihuza.Buri sano yo hanze ipfa ihujwe nigice gito cyinsinga za zahabu kumupaki.Amapine arimo gusohora ama feza afite ibara.Banyura mumuzunguruko kugirango bahuze nibindi bice bya chip.Ibi nibyingenzi cyane kuva bazenguruka umuzenguruko bagahuza insinga nibindi bice bigize uruziga.

Hariho ubwoko butandukanye bwibipapuro bishobora gukoreshwa hano.Byose bifite ubwoko bwihariye bwo kwishyiriraho, ibipimo byihariye, na pin ibara.Reka turebe uko ibi bikora.

Kubara

Inzira zose zishyizwe hamwe zifite polarize, kandi buri pin iratandukanye ukurikije imikorere hamwe nahantu.Ibi bivuze ko paki igomba kwerekana no gutandukanya pin zose hamwe.IC nyinshi zikoresha akadomo cyangwa akantu kugirango werekane pin yambere.

Umaze kumenya aho pin ya mbere iherereye, ibisigaye bya pin byiyongera muburyo bukurikiranye mugihe ugenda uhuza amasaha yerekeza kumuzunguruko.

Kuzamuka

Gushiraho nikimwe mubintu byihariye biranga ubwoko bwa paki.Ibipaki byose birashobora gushyirwa mubyiciro nkimwe muribyiciro bibiri byo kuzamuka: hejuru-hejuru (SMD cyangwa SMT) cyangwa unyuze mu mwobo (PTH).Biroroshye cyane gukorana na Binyuze mu mwobo kuva binini.Byaremewe gushyirwaho kuruhande rumwe rwumuzunguruko no kugurishwa kurundi.

Ubuso-bushyira paki ziza mubunini butandukanye, kuva kuri ntoya kugeza kuri mincule.Bishyizwe kuruhande rumwe rw'agasanduku kandi bigurishwa hejuru.Amapine yiyi paki yaba perpendicular kuri chip, asunitswe kuruhande, cyangwa rimwe na rimwe ashyirwa muri matrix kumutwe wa chip.Inzira zuzuzanya muburyo bwubuso-busaba kandi ibikoresho byihariye byo guterana.

Mirongo ibiri

Dual In-line Package (DIP) nimwe mubipaki bisanzwe.Ubu ni ubwoko bwa pake ya IC.Utwo duto duto turimo imirongo ibiri ibangikanye ya pin irambuye ihagaritse inzu yumukara, plastike, urukiramende.

Amapine afite intera ya mm 2,54 hagati yazo - isanzwe itunganijwe neza kugirango ihuze imbaho ​​nizindi mbaho ​​nke za prototyping.Ukurikije ibara rya pin, ibipimo bya DIP ibipimo rusange birashobora gutandukana kuva 4 kugeza 64.

Agace kari hagati yumurongo wa pin gafite umwanya kugirango DIP IC ihuze akarere kegereye ikibaho.Ibi bireba neza ko pin ifite umurongo wazo kandi ntizigufi.

Gitoya

Gito-urutonde rwuzuzanya rwumuzunguruko cyangwa SOIC bisa nubuso-busa.Igizwe no kunama amapine yose kuri DIP no kuyagabanya.Urashobora guteranya ibyo bipfunyika ukoresheje ikiganza gihamye ndetse nijisho rifunze - Nibyoroshye!

Quad Flat

Quad Flat yamapaki yerekana ibice bine.Umubare wuzuye wibipapuro muri quad flat IC irashobora gutandukana aho ariho hose kuva kumunani umunani kuruhande (32 yose) kugeza kuri mirongo irindwi kuruhande (300+ yose hamwe).Izi pin zifite umwanya wa 0.4mm kugeza 1mm hagati yazo.Utuntu duto duto twa quad flat pack igizwe na profili-nto (LQFP), inanutse (TQFP), hamwe na pake cyane (VQFP).

Imirongo ya Gride

Ball Grid Arrays cyangwa BGA nibyo bikoresho bya IC bigezweho.Ibi biragoye bidasanzwe, udupaki duto aho imipira mito yabagurisha yashyizwe mumurongo ibiri-ya gride kumurongo wuruziga.Rimwe na rimwe, abahanga bahuza imipira y'abagurisha ku rupfu!

Ball Grid Array yamapaki akoreshwa kenshi kuri microprocessor yateye imbere, nka Raspberry Pi cyangwa pcDuino.