2023, imodoka yasaze MCU

01 Amateka yo gukura kwa MCU

MCU, microcontroller, ifite izina rizwi: microcomputer imwe-chip.

Nukuri ahantu heza ni kwimura sisitemu yibanze ya mudasobwa kuri chip, harimo na verisiyo yimbere ya CPU RAM ROM IO ya seriveri ya seriveri, nubwo imikorere rwose itari yagutse nka mudasobwa, ariko ni power programable kandi byoroshye, kuburyo mubikoresho bya elegitoroniki byabaguzi, itumanaho ryinganda zubuvuzi Imodoka zifite intera nini cyane ya porogaramu.

Yavutse mu 1971, Intel yateguye microprocessor yambere kwisi - nimero 4004 4-bit chip, iyi chip ihuza transistor zirenga 2000, kandi Intel yanashizeho chip 4001, 4002, 4003, RAM, ROM hamwe niyandikisha.

Igihe ibyo bicuruzwa bine byagiye ku isoko, Intel yanditse mu iyamamaza rigira riti “Menyesha ibihe bishya by’imiyoboro ihuriweho: mudasobwa zigendanwa zegeranye kuri chip imwe.”Muri kiriya gihe, minicomputer na mainframes ahanini byari bitunganijwe 8-bit na 16-bit, bityo Intel yahise itangiza microprocessor 8008 ya biti 8 mumwaka wa 1972 kugirango itsinde isoko byihuse, ifungura ibihe bya microcomputer imwe imwe.

Mu 1976, Intel yashyize ahagaragara porogaramu ya mbere ya microcomputer igenzurwa ku isi 8748, ihuza 8-bit CPU, 8-bitandukanya I / O, 8-biti, RAM, ROM, nibindi, bishobora guhaza ibikenewe kugenzura inganda rusange kandi ibikoresho, bihagarariwe na 8748, gufungura ubushakashatsi bwa microcomputer imwe imwe murwego rwinganda.

Mu myaka ya za 1980, microcomputer 8-bit imwe imwe-chip yatangiye gukura, ubushobozi bwa RAM na ROM bwiyongera, muri rusange hamwe ninteruro zuruhererekane, sisitemu yo gutunganya ibyiciro byinshi, sisitemu nyinshi za biti 16, nibindi. Mu 1983, Intel yatangije MCS -96 urukurikirane rwa 16-bit-ikora cyane-microcontrollers, hamwe na tristoriste 120.000.

Kuva mu myaka ya za 90, microcomputer imwe-chip yinjiye murwego rwishuri ryibitekerezo ijana, mubikorwa, umuvuduko, kwiringirwa, kwishyira hamwe kumurabyo wuzuye, ukurikije umubare wa bits ya bisi cyangwa iyandikisha ryamakuru, uhereye kuri bits 4 zambere. gahoro gahoro, hamwe na 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit na 64-bit imwe ya chip ya microcomputer.

Kugeza ubu, amabwiriza ya MCUs agabanijwe cyane muri CISC na RISC, kandi imyubakire yibanze ni ARM Cortex, Intel 8051 na RISC-V.

Nk’uko bigaragazwa n’amasoko rusange y’Ubushinwa muri Microcontroller (MCU) 2020, ibicuruzwa bya MCU 32 biti bigera kuri 55% by’isoko, bikurikirwa n’ibicuruzwa 8 bito, bingana na 43%, ibicuruzwa biti 4 bingana na 2%, 16 -ibicuruzwa byibicuruzwa bingana na 1%, birashobora kugaragara ko ibicuruzwa byingenzi byisoko ku isoko ari 32-bit na 8-biti MCUs, kandi umwanya w isoko ryibicuruzwa 16-biti MCU byaragabanijwe cyane.

Ibicuruzwa byashyizweho na CISC byinjije 24% byisoko, ibicuruzwa bya RISC byerekana ibicuruzwa bingana na 76% byibicuruzwa byingenzi byisoko;Ibicuruzwa by'ibanze bya Intel 8051 byagize 22% by'isoko, bikurikirwa n'ibicuruzwa bya ARM Cortex-M0, bingana na 20%, ibicuruzwa bya ARM Cortex-M3 bingana na 14%, ibicuruzwa bya ARM Cortex-M4 bingana na 12%, ibicuruzwa bya ARM Cortex-M0 + bingana na 5%, ibicuruzwa bya ARM Cortex-M23 bingana na 1%, ibicuruzwa byibanze bya RISC-V bingana na 1%, ibindi bingana na 24%.Ibicuruzwa bya ARM Cortex-M0 + bingana na 5%, ibicuruzwa bya ARM Cortex-M23 bingana na 1%, ibicuruzwa byibanze bya RISC-V bingana na 1%, ibindi bingana na 24%.Muri rusange, ARM Cortex ikurikirana yibice 52% byisoko rusange.

Isoko rya MCU ryahuye n’igabanuka rikabije ry’ibiciro mu myaka 20 ishize, ariko igiciro cyacyo cyo kugurisha (ASP) cyagabanutse mu myaka itanu ishize.Nyuma yo guhura n'ikibazo cyo kugabanuka mu nganda z’imodoka, intege nke mu bukungu ku isi, ndetse n’ikibazo cy’ibyorezo, isoko rya MCU ryatangiye gukira mu 2020. Nk’uko ikinyamakuru IC Insights kibitangaza ngo ibicuruzwa bya MCU byiyongereyeho 8% muri 2020, naho ibicuruzwa bya MCU mu 2021 byiyongera kugeza kuri 12%, amateka arenga miliyari 30.9, mugihe ASPs nayo yazamutseho 10%, iyiyongera cyane mumyaka 25.

IC Insights iteganya ko ibicuruzwa bya MCU bizagera kuri miliyari 35.8 mu myaka itanu iri imbere, hamwe bigurishwa miliyari 27.2.Muri ibyo, biteganijwe ko igurishwa rya MCU 32-biti rizagera kuri miliyari 20 z'amadolari hamwe n’ubwiyongere bw’umwaka buri mwaka bwa 9.4%, MCU 16-biteganijwe ko izagera kuri miliyari 4.7 z'amadolari, naho MCU 4-bitateganijwe kwerekana ko izamuka.

02 Imodoka MCU irasaze kurenga

Automotive electronics nicyo kintu kinini cyo gukoresha MCUs.IC Insights iteganya ko kugurisha MCU ku isi hose kwiyongera 10% bikagera kuri miliyari 21.5 z'amadolari mu 2022, hamwe na MCU z’imodoka ziyongera cyane kurusha andi masoko ya nyuma.

Ibicuruzwa birenga 40% bya MCU biva mubikoresho bya elegitoroniki, kandi MCU igurisha imodoka biteganijwe ko iziyongera kuri CAGR ya 7.7% mumyaka itanu iri imbere, ikarenza MCUs rusange (7.3%).

Kugeza ubu, imodoka MCUs ahanini ni 8-bit, 16-bit na 32-bit, kandi bits zitandukanye za MCU zikina imirimo itandukanye.

By'umwihariko:

8-bit MCU ikoreshwa cyane cyane mubikorwa byibanze byo kugenzura, nko kugenzura intebe, konderasi, abafana, Windows, hamwe nuburyo bwo kugenzura inzugi.

MCU ya 16-biti ikoreshwa cyane cyane mumubiri wo hasi, nka moteri, feri ya elegitoronike, sisitemu yo guhagarika hamwe nizindi mbaraga nogukwirakwiza.

32-bit MCU ihuye nubwenge bwimodoka kandi ikoreshwa cyane cyane murwego rwohejuru rwubwenge kandi rwizewe nko gukoresha imyidagaduro ya cockpit, ADAS, no kugenzura umubiri.

Kuri iki cyiciro, MCU 8-biti zigenda ziyongera mubikorwa no mubushobozi bwo kwibuka, kandi hamwe nigiciro cyazo cyiza, zirashobora gusimbuza MCU zigera kuri 16 muri porogaramu kandi nazo zisubira inyuma zihuza na MCU 4-bit.32-biti MCU izagira uruhare runini mugucunga igenzura mubikorwa byose byububiko bwimodoka E / E, ishobora kuyobora ibice bine bitatanye-byo hasi na hagati ya ECU ibice, kandi umubare wimikoreshereze uzakomeza kwiyongera.

Ibihe byavuzwe haruguru bituma 16-bit MCU muburyo butameze neza, ntabwo biri hejuru ariko biri hasi, ariko mubintu bimwe na bimwe byakoreshwa, biracyafite akamaro, nkibikorwa bimwe byingenzi bya sisitemu ya powertrain.

Ubwenge bw’imodoka bwazamuye cyane ibyifuzo bya MCU 32-bit, aho ibice birenga bitatu bya kane by’imodoka MCU yagurishijwe biva muri MCU 32-bit mu 2021, biteganijwe ko bizagera kuri miliyari 5.83;MCUs 16-biti izinjiza hafi miliyari 1.34 z'amadorali;Raporo ya McClean ivuga ko MCUs 8-biti zizinjiza hafi miliyoni 441 z'amadorali.

Ku rwego rwo gusaba, infotainment ni ibintu bisabwa hamwe n’umwaka mwinshi-mwaka wiyongereye mu kugurisha imodoka za MCU, hamwe n’iterambere rya 59% muri 2021 ugereranije na 2020, naho 20% byinjira mu bihe bisigaye.

Ubu igenzura rya elegitoroniki yose yimodoka kugirango ikoreshe ECU (ishami rishinzwe kugenzura ibikoresho bya elegitoronike), na MCU nigikoresho nyamukuru cyo kugenzura ECU, buri ECU ifite byibura MCU imwe, bityo icyiciro cyubu cyo guhindura no kuzamura amashanyarazi yubwenge byatumye icyifuzo gikenerwa MCU ikoreshwa ryimodoka imwe kugirango yiyongere.

Dukurikije imibare yatanzwe n’ishami ry’ubushakashatsi muri komite ishinzwe impuguke mu kwamamaza ibicuruzwa mu kigo cy’Ubushinwa gishinzwe kwamamaza, impuzandengo ya ECU itwarwa n’imodoka zisanzwe za peteroli ni 70;umubare wa ECU utwarwa n’imodoka gakondo za lisansi zisanzwe zishobora kugera ku 150 kubera ibisabwa hejuru yimikorere ku myanya, kugenzura hagati no kwidagadura, umutekano wumubiri n'umutekano;impuzandengo ya ECUs itwarwa nimodoka zifite ubwenge zirashobora kugera kuri 300 kubera software nshya nibisabwa ibyuma bisabwa gutwara ibinyabiziga byigenga no gufasha gutwara ibinyabiziga, bihuye n’amafaranga MCU ikoreshwa n’imodoka imwe nayo izagera kuri 300.

Icyifuzo gikomeye kuri MCUs kubakora amamodoka kigaragara cyane muri 2021, mugihe habuze ikibazo cya cores kubera icyorezo.Muri uwo mwaka, amasosiyete menshi y’imodoka yagombaga guhagarika muri make imirongo imwe n’umusaruro kubera kubura ama cores, ariko igurishwa ry’imodoka MCUs ryazamutseho 23% kugeza kuri miliyari 7,6 z'amadolari, rikaba ryaranditse cyane.

Ibyinshi mu bikoresha amamodoka bikozwe hifashishijwe wafer ya santimetero 8, bamwe mubakora nka TI kugeza kuri 12-kwimura umurongo, IDM nayo izaba igizwe nubushobozi bwo gusohora uruganda, rwiganjemo MCU, hafi 70% yubushobozi na TSMC .Nyamara, ubucuruzi bwimodoka ubwabwo bugizwe nigice gito cya TSMC, kandi TSMC yibanda kumurongo witerambere ryiterambere rya tekinoroji ya elegitoroniki, bityo isoko ryimodoka MCU rikaba rito cyane.

Ibura rya chipi yimodoka iyobowe ninganda zose za semiconductor naryo ryatangije umuraba wo kwaguka, imishinga minini n’inganda IDM kugirango byongere umusaruro, ariko intego iratandukanye.

Biteganijwe ko uruganda rwa TSMC Kumamoto ruzashyirwa mu bikorwa mu mpera za 2024, usibye inzira ya 22 / 28nm, ruzakomeza gutanga 12 na 16nm, kandi uruganda rwa Nanjing ruzagura umusaruro rugera kuri 28nm, hamwe n’ubushobozi buri kwezi bwo gukora Ibice 40.000;

SMIC irateganya kwagura umusaruro byibuze 45.000 bya waferi 8 na byibura 10,000 10,000 ya waferi muri 2021, ikanubaka umurongo wa santimetero 12 zifite ubushobozi bwa buri kwezi bwa wafers 120.000 i Lingang, yibanda kuri 28nm no hejuru yumutwe.

Huahong yiteze kwihutisha kwagura ubushobozi bwa santimetero 12 kugera ku bice 94.500 muri 2022;

Renesas yatangaje imigabane yayo mu ruganda rwa TSMC rwa Kumamoto hagamijwe kwagura hanze, kandi ifite intego yo kongera itangwa ry’imodoka MCU ku kigero cya 50% mu 2023, biteganijwe ko ubushobozi bwa MCU bwo mu rwego rwo hejuru buziyongeraho 50% naho ubushobozi bwa MCU buciriritse bugera kuri 70% ugereranije no mu mpera za 2021.

STMicroelectronics izashora miliyari 1.4 z'amadolari muri 2022 yo kwaguka, kandi irateganya gukuba kabiri ingufu z’ibihingwa by’i Burayi mu 2025, cyane cyane mu kongera ubushobozi bwa santimetero 12, no ku bushobozi bwa santimetero 8, STMicroelectronics izahitamo kuzamura ibicuruzwa bidasaba 12- tekinoroji.

Texas Instruments izongeramo ibihingwa bine bishya, biteganijwe ko uruganda rwa mbere ruzashyirwa mu bikorwa mu 2025, naho uruganda rwa gatatu n'urwa kane ruzubakwa hagati ya 2026 na 2030;

ON Semiconductor yongereye igishoro cyayo kugera kuri 12%, cyane cyane kwagura ubushobozi bwa wafer-12.

Ubushishozi bwa IC bufite amakuru ashimishije ko ASP ya MCUs zose uko ari 32 zigabanuka kuri CAGR ya -4.4% umwaka-ku mwaka-mwaka hagati ya 2015 na 2020, ariko ikazamuka igera kuri 13% igera kuri $ 0.72 muri 2021. Yerekanwa ku isoko ryaho , ihindagurika ryibiciro bya MCU yimodoka iragaragara cyane: NXP 32-bit MCU FS32K144HAT0MLH hamwe nigiciro gihagaze cyamadorari 22 yazamutse agera kuri $ 550, intera inshuro zirenga 20, ikaba yari imwe mumashini yabuze imodoka muri kiriya gihe.

Infineon 32-bitike yimodoka MCU SAK-TC277TP-64F200N DC yariyongereye igera ku 4.500, byiyongereyeho inshuro 100, urukurikirane rumwe rwa SAK-TC275T-64F200N DC narwo rwazamutse rugera ku mafaranga arenga 2000.

Kurundi ruhande, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki bishyushye byambere byatangiye gukonja, icyifuzo kidakomeye, kimwe no kwihutisha gusimburana mu gihugu, bigatuma intego rusange, ibiciro bya MCU byabaguzi bisubira inyuma, moderi zimwe na zimwe za chip chip nka F0 / F1 / F3 ibiciro byuruhererekane byaje hafi yigiciro gisanzwe, ndetse nisoko rivuga ko igiciro cya MCUs cyagabanutse binyuze mubiciro byikigo.

Nyamara, imodoka za MCUs nka Renesas, NXP, Infineon, na ST ziracyari mubihe bike.Kurugero, igiciro cyibikorwa byo hejuru bya ST 32-bit MCU STM32H743VIT6 cyazamutse kigera kuri 600 mu mpera zumwaka ushize, mugihe igiciro cyacyo cyari amafaranga 48 gusa mumyaka ibiri ishize.Ubwiyongere burenze inshuro 10;Infineon Automotive MCU SAK-TC237LP-32F200N AC igiciro cyisoko rya AC mu Kwakira umwaka ushize ku madolari 1200, Ukuboza itanga amadolari 3800, ndetse no kurubuga rwabandi bantu batanga amadolari arenga 5000.

03 Isoko ni rinini, kandi umusaruro wo mu gihugu ni muto

Imiterere ya MCU irushanwa yiganjemo ibihangange byo mumahanga nkibidukikije byose birushanwe.Muri 2021, abadandaza batanu ba mbere ba MCU ni NXP, Microchip, Renesas, ST, na Infineon.Aba bacuruzi batanu ba MCU bagize 82.1% byagurishijwe ku isi yose, ugereranije na 72.2% muri 2016, hamwe n’amasosiyete akomeye yiyongera mu myaka yashize.

Ugereranije n’umuguzi n’inganda MCU, MCU yimodoka ntarengwa kandi igihe cyo gutanga ibyemezo ni kirekire, sisitemu yo gutanga ibyemezo ikubiyemo ibyemezo bisanzwe bya ISO26262, AEC-Q001 ~ 004 na IATF16949 ibyemezo bisanzwe, AEC-Q100 / Q104 ibyemezo bisanzwe, muri byo ISO26262 kuri umutekano wibikorwa byimodoka bigabanijwemo inzego enye za ASIL-A kugeza D. Urugero, chassis nibindi bintu bifite ibyangombwa bisabwa cyane byumutekano kandi bisaba ibyemezo byurwego rwa ASIL-D, abakora chip bake barashobora kuzuza ibisabwa.

Dukurikije imibare y’isesengura ryakozwe, isoko ry’imodoka ku isi ndetse no mu gihugu MCU ryiganjemo cyane cyane NXP, Renesas, Infineon, ibikoresho bya Texas, Microchip, isoko rya 85%.Nubwo MCUs 32-bit zikomeje kwiharira ibihangange mumahanga, ibigo bimwe byimbere mu gihugu byahagurutse.

04 Umwanzuro

Iterambere ryihuse ryimodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi zifite ubwenge, kuburyo abatari bake bakora chip zikoresha abaguzi bifatanije, nka Nvidia, Qualcomm, Intel babaye muri cockpit yubwenge, gutwara ibinyabiziga byigenga byigenga, bikabuza umwanya wo kubaho kwabakora imashini zikoresha amamodoka ashaje.Iterambere ryimodoka MCUs yavuye mukwibanda ku kwiteza imbere no kunoza imikorere kugeza kumarushanwa yose yo kugabanya ibiciro mugihe hagumyeho inyungu zikoranabuhanga.

Hamwe nimodoka ya E / E yubatswe kuva yagabanijwe kugeza kugenzura imiyoboro, hanyuma amaherezo igana kwishyira hamwe hagati, hazaba byinshi kandi byinshi-bikora kandi byoroshye-chip yo hasi izasimburwa, imikorere-ikomeye, imbaraga zo kubara hamwe nizindi-zohejuru chips izahinduka intumbero yo guhatanira amamodoka azaza, kuko uruhare runini rwo kugenzura MCU mugihe cyo kugabanya umubare wa ECU uza kuba muto ugereranije, nka Tesla chassis igenzura ECU, imwe irimo MCU 3-4, ariko imikorere yoroshye ya shingiro MCU izahuzwa.Muri rusange, isoko rya MCUs zitwara ibinyabiziga n'umwanya wo gusimbuza imbere mu myaka iri imbere nta gushidikanya.