Intambara ya Isiraheli na Palesitine iragenda ikomera.Kuva ku ya 14 Ukwakira 2023, Minisiteri y’ubuzima ya Palesitine yavuze ko muri iki gihe amakimbirane hagati ya Isiraheli na Palesitine yahitanye Abanyapalestine 1.949 abandi barenga 8,600.Amakuru aturuka muri Isiraheli avuga ko abapfuye barenga 1.300 naho abakomeretse nibura 3.484.
Ingaruka z’amakimbirane zimaze gukwirakwira mu rwego rwo gutanga chip, kandi bivugwa ko ibikorwa by’ibikoresho n’ibikoresho byo muri Isiraheli bitanga ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki nabyo byagize ingaruka.
Isiraheli, “igihugu gito” giherereye mu butayu bwo mu burasirazuba bwo hagati, mu byukuri ni “ubwami bwa chip.”Muri ako gace, hari amasosiyete agera kuri 200 ya chip, kandi amasosiyete akomeye ya chip ku isi akora ibikorwa byubushakashatsi niterambere muri Isiraheli, kandi muri Isiraheli hari fab nyinshi.
Niki gituma Isiraheli “ubwami bwa chip”?
01. Isiraheli ntabwo ari "umugisha" kuri semiconductor
Isiraheli, bibiri bya gatatu byayo ni ubutayu, ifite abaturage batageze kuri miliyoni 10.
Igihugu gito gifite imiterere mibi gifite amasosiyete agera kuri 200 ya chip, ahuza ibigo byubushakashatsi niterambere by ibihangange nka Apple, Samsung, Qualcomm, kandi bishingiye ku nganda zikoranabuhanga cyane kugirango bibe igihugu cyonyine cyateye imbere muburasirazuba bwo hagati.
Isiraheli yabigenze ite, kandi byagenze bite mu nganda zayo za semiconductor?
Ubu hashize imyaka irenga 3.000, umuhanuzi Mose akuye Abayahudi muri Egiputa bajya i Kanani, hagati ya Nili na Efurate, bizeraga ko ari “Igihugu cyasezeranijwe” cy'amata n'ubuki.
Nyuma yo kwigarurirwa n’Ingoma y’Abaroma, Abayahudi batangiye kuzerera imyaka irenga 2000.Mu 1948 ni bwo hashyizweho leta ya Isiraheli, amaherezo hashyirwaho igihugu kinini cy'Abayahudi, maze Abayahudi basubira mu “Gihugu cyabo cy'isezerano.”
Ariko Isiraheli nta mata n'ubuki yari ifite.
Nicyo gihugu cyonyine mu burasirazuba bwo hagati kidafite peteroli na gaze, gifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 25.700 gusa, ubutaka bubi, kubura amazi, umutekano muke wa geopolitike, kandi amakimbirane hagati y’ibihugu by’abarabu akikije ntayakemutse, twavuga. ko imiterere ya Isiraheli ivuka nta nyungu ifite.
Nyamara, Isiraheli nicyo gihugu cyonyine cyateye imbere mu burasirazuba bwo hagati, gifite umuturage rusange w’amadolari 54.710 mu 2022, akaza ku mwanya wa 14 ku isi.
Isesengura ryitondewe ku nganda z’inganda za Isiraheli, mu 2022, inganda zo mu rwego rwa gatatu zagize 70% by’umusaruro rusange w’igihugu, muri zo inganda za serivisi z’ikoranabuhanga zikaba zisumba cyane inganda za serivisi gakondo.Hamwe n’ikoranabuhanga ryoherezwa mu mahanga rifite 54% by’ibyoherezwa mu mahanga muri Isiraheli mu 2021, twavuga ko inganda z’ikoranabuhanga rikomeye ari inkingi y’ubukungu bwa Isiraheli.Inganda ziciriritse, zingana na 16 ku ijana by’ikoranabuhanga ryoherezwa mu mahanga, ni ahantu heza.
Amateka ya semiconductor ya Isiraheli ntabwo ari kare, ariko yateye imbere byihuse, kandi ahinduka akarere ka mbere ku isi mu gihe gito.
Mu 1964, uruganda rukora ibikoresho by'itumanaho muri Amerika rwashyizeho ikigo cya mbere cy’ubushakashatsi n’iterambere rya semiconductor muri Isiraheli, ibyo bikaba byatangiye inganda za semiconductor muri Isiraheli.
Mu 1974, isosiyete ya kabiri nini cyane ku isi ikora icyicaro gikuru, ifite icyicaro i Santa Clara, muri Californiya, yemejwe n'abakozi bayo bo muri Isiraheli gufungura ikigo cyayo cya mbere R&D hanze y’Amerika muri Haifa, muri Isiraheli.Kuva icyo gihe, inganda za semiconductor za Isiraheli zatangiye.
Nyuma yimyaka icumi, uyumunsi igice cya kabiri cyigice cya Isiraheli cyahindutse imbaraga zifatika.Mu baturage batageze kuri miliyoni 10, hari abashakashatsi ba chip barenga 30.000 hamwe n’amasosiyete agera kuri 200, atwara akazi mu buryo butaziguye cyangwa butaziguye.
02. Isiraheli nubwami bwatangiye bwa semiconductor, ariko ntamasosiyete manini ya chip aturuka muri Isiraheli
Isiraheli ni agace gato k'ubutaka, ubutayu, umutungo muke, ntabwo ari igihugu cyumutungo, ntigishobora gutanga ibikoresho bya semiconductor.Ukurikije imiterere y’imiterere, inganda za semiconductor za Isiraheli zifite ibintu byihariye: icya mbere, gushushanya chip;Icya kabiri, inyinshi murizo ni imishinga mito n'iciriritse, idafite ibihangange byaho;Icya gatatu ni ugushaka inzira hagati y'Ubushinwa na Amerika no kwibanda ku bucuruzi.
Impamvu yo gushushanya chip iroroshye kubyumva, ntishobora kubumba amatafari adafite ibyatsi!Igihugu cya Isiraheli ntigifite umutungo, kandi gishobora gushingira gusa kumitekerereze myiza yabisiraheli kugirango bafate inzira yo hejuru.
Igishushanyo mbonera nubugingo bwinganda za semiconductor ya Isiraheli.Dukurikije imibare, Isiraheli ifite 8% byimpano zishushanya isi hamwe nubushakashatsi niterambere ryamasosiyete.Byongeye kandi, mu 2021, amasosiyete 37 y’amahanga yose muri Isiraheli akorera mu nganda zikoresha imashanyarazi.
Inganda zikora muri Isiraheli ni mbarwa, ariko ntizihari.Muri iki gihe Isiraheli ifite ibishingwe bitanu bya wafer.Mubikoresho bya semiconductor, hariho ibigo mpuzamahanga kimwe nibigo byaho.
Kubwibyo, ibice byubu byinganda zikora chip muri Isiraheli bigizwe ahanini nisosiyete ikora chip ya fabless chip, ubushakashatsi niterambere ryamasosiyete mpuzamahanga, amasosiyete akora ibikoresho bya semiconductor hamwe ninganda nke za wafer.
Ariko, ibihangange byinshi bya chip biri muburyo bwa Isiraheli, kuki Isiraheli itavutse igihangange nkiki?
Byinshi muribi bifitanye isano nuburyo ubucuruzi bwa Isiraheli bumenyereye gukora.
Isiraheli nigihugu cyihangira imirimo.Hamwe n’amasosiyete y’ikoranabuhanga arenga 7,000, Isiraheli ifite umubare munini w’abatangiza ku isi, bingana na rwiyemezamirimo 1 kuri buri muntu 1.400, kandi umubare w’abatangira umuturage ntaho uhuriye.
Mu nganda zikoresha igice cya kabiri, muri 2020, Isiraheli yaje ku mwanya wa kabiri ku isi ukurikije umubare w’abatangiza igice cya kabiri, nyuma y’Amerika.
Kuberako bakunda udushya n "" ibintu bishya "cyane, intore za semiconductor muri Isiraheli zashinze ibigo byazo bya semiconductor, zireba ibihangange byinshi bya chip, ntabwo ari ukuba cyangwa kurenga, ahubwo kugirango tubone!
Kubwibyo, inzira yamasosiyete menshi ya semiconductor yo muri Isiraheli ni nkaya: shiraho intangiriro - intambwe mu murima - yaguzwe nigihangange - tangira icyiciro gikurikira cyo kwihangira imirimo.
Kubera iyo mpamvu, amasosiyete menshi yo muri Isiraheli amagana yatangije igice cya kabiri cyitumanaho cyibanze ku ikoranabuhanga rya polishinge kuruta ubucuruzi nibikorwa.
Kandi, reba neza isoko rya semiconductor muri Isiraheli.Kwibukakonte kumugabane munini wisoko rya semiconductor ya Isiraheli, ikurikirwa nagucunga ingufu ics, chip logic, Kuri Mugaragaza, naibishushanyo mbonera.
Isoko rinini rya semiconductor muri Isiraheli ni gutunganya amakuru, hagakurikiraho itumanaho, inganda, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki nagutwara ibinyabiziga byigenga.
Nyuma yo kubona inzira zayo, igice cya kabiri cya Isiraheli cyiyongera cyane buri mwaka, kandi biteganijwe ko amafaranga y’isoko rya semiconductor ya Isiraheli ashobora kugera kuri miliyari 1.14 z'amadolari mu 2023. Twabibutsa ko Ubushinwa ariryo soko rinini ry’abaguzi kuri Isiraheli.
Muri 2018, ubwo umukino w’Ubushinwa na Amerika watangiraga, Isiraheli yohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga mu Bushinwa yiyongereyeho 80% mu buryo butaziguye, kandi mu buryo butunguranye igice cya kabiri cyahindutse igice cy’ingenzi mu mibanire y’ubukungu hagati y’Ubushinwa na Isiraheli, kandi amakuru aheruka kwerekana ko Ubushinwa bukiri bunini cyane kohereza ibicuruzwa muri Isiraheli muri 2021.
03. Isiraheli ifite impano nigishoro gihagije cyo gushyigikira Isiraheli Semiconductor
Isiraheli "imiterere yavukanye" irakennye cyane, kuki Isiraheli ishobora gutera imbere mubwami bwa chip?
Igisubizo kigufi ni: gikize kandi gihujwe neza.
Ntakibazo umurongo w'akazi.Igishoro gihora ari ikintu cyingenzi mugutezimbere imishinga, cyane cyane munganda ziciriritse.
Semiconductor ninganda zikeneye gukomeza gutwika amafaranga, kandi guta amafaranga menshi ntabwo byanze bikunze bifite ibisubizo, ninganda zisubira inyuma kandi zifite ibyago byinshi.Gutangiza-semiconductor ibigo bifuza kubaho, ntabwo byoroshye, ikosa rishobora guta igihe, igipimo cyo kwihanganira amakosa ni gito cyane.
Kuri iyi ngingo, uruhare rwishoramari ni ingenzi cyane.Imari shoramari bivuga ishoramari ryabashoramari bafite imbaraga zamafaranga yo gutera inkunga ba rwiyemezamirimo bafite ikoranabuhanga ryihariye hamwe n’iterambere ryiza ry’isoko, ariko kubura igishoro cyo gutangiza, kandi bikagira ingaruka zo gutsindwa kwishoramari mugihe cyo gutangira.
Intangiriro yubumenyi n’ikoranabuhanga ku isi - Ikibaya cya Silicon, urufunguzo rwo gutsinda kwayo ni urusobe rw’imishinga ikuze rwuzuye, rutezimbere cyane igipimo cyo kwihanganira amakosa y’amasosiyete yatangije, kandi gitanga icumbi ku masosiyete yatangije.
Naho Tel Aviv, umurwa mukuru wa Isiraheli, nk'ahantu hateranira gushora imari, ifite ibikorwa byinshi mu bucuruzi bw'ikoranabuhanga (umushinga wo guhanga udushya mu bidukikije), uwa kabiri nyuma ya Silicon.Nk’uko raporo ibigaragaza, 11 ku ijana by’ishoramari rya VC ku isi mu nganda 4.0 ryagiye mu masosiyete yo muri Isiraheli.Mu 2021, umubare w'ishoramari ryashowe muri Isiraheli wageze kuri miliyari 10.8 z'amadolari, wikubye inshuro 28 ayo muri Amerika, naho umubare w'ishoramari ryashowe muri Isiraheli mu 2022, nubwo wagabanutse, wageze kuri miliyari 8.1.
Usibye kwinjiza imari, guverinoma ya Isiraheli yanatanze amategeko arengera ndetse n’amafaranga yo gutangiza.
Kera mu 1984, Isiraheli yatoye Inkunga y'Itegeko ry’ubushakashatsi n’iterambere mu nganda, cyangwa “Amategeko R&D.”
Muri iri tegeko, imishinga yemejwe na OCS yemewe na R&D yujuje ibisabwa kandi ikemezwa n’ibiro by’umuhanga mu bya siyansi yemerewe gutera inkunga igera kuri 50 ku ijana y’amafaranga yakoreshejwe.Mu kungurana ibitekerezo, uyahawe asabwa kwishyura OCS amafaranga yimisoro.Uyahawe agomba gutanga raporo zigihe kijyanye nubukode bwishyurwa OCS, ifite uburenganzira bwo kugenzura ibitabo byuwahawe.
Ku bijyanye n’imisoro, Isiraheli nayo iha politiki y’ibanze inganda zikorana buhanga.Mu 1985, igipimo cy’imisoro muri Isiraheli cyari 61%;muri 2022, yari yagabanutse kugera kuri 23 ku ijana.Isiraheli ifite kandi itegeko ryihariye rya Angles ritanga imisoro ku bashoramari bigenga mu masosiyete akiri muto, cyane cyane abafite ubushakashatsi n'ubushobozi bwiterambere.
Isiraheli ifite amategeko ashishikariza R&D no guhanga udushya, no kugenzura aho amafaranga akoreshwa n'ibisubizo by'imishinga.Tanga amafaranga cyane, amafaranga arashobora no gukoreshwa kumpera yicyuma, kora ibisubizo kabiri.
Inkunga ya leta "Itanga" hamwe ninganda nini zishoramari zituma amasosiyete ya semiconductor yo muri Isiraheli "abaho neza."
Usibye amafaranga, umuntu agomba kubikora.
Ibice birenga 70 kw'ijana vy'abatuye Isiraheli ni Abayahudi.Ku bijyanye n'Abayahudi, “stereotype” y'ubwenge bwabo bwo hejuru irahita ivuka.
Biragoye kuvuga niba koko Abayahudi ari bo bazwi cyane mu moko, ariko ni ukuri ko bafite abantu benshi bize cyane.
Dukurikije imibare, abashakashatsi mu bya siyansi bo muri Isiraheli bangana na 6% by’abatuye iki gihugu, abahanga n’abashakashatsi 135 ku bantu 10,000, barenga Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika 85, umubare w’abambere ku isi.77% by'Abisiraheli bafite imyaka irenga 12 y'uburezi, 20% by'abaturage bafite impamyabumenyi ya kaminuza, kandi muri iki gihugu hari abanyeshuri bagera kuri 200.000.
Usibye guha agaciro impano nyinshi kavukire uburezi butanga, Isiraheli yakira kandi umubare munini w’abimukira bize cyane.
Abayahudi bafite "inzozi zabo zo kugarura" zabo, bityo rero nyuma yo gushingwa kwa Isiraheli gutangaza "Amategeko yo gutaha", ni ukuvuga ko Umuyahudi wese ku isi umaze kwimukira muri Isiraheli, ashobora kubona ubwenegihugu bwa Isiraheli.
Abayahudi bimukiye mu bihugu byateye imbere ndetse n'icyahoze ari Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti bazanye Isiraheli siyanse n'ikoranabuhanga byinshi, byagize uruhare runini mu guhanga udushya muri Isiraheli.Muri rusange aba bimukira bafite impamyabumenyi ihanitse, hari abajenjeri benshi beza, izi mpano zagize uruhare runini mugutezimbere inganda zikorana buhanga za Isiraheli.
04. Incamake
Agace ka kera ka Kanani, umugani “Igihugu cyasezeranijwe,” na Isiraheli nyayo, nta “kintu na kimwe.”
Mu burasirazuba bwo hagati, hirya no hino mu butayu, Isiraheli, hamwe no guhanga udushya, imari shingiro n’izindi ngamba, yasubije imbogamizi kamere zayo ndetse n’intege nke zavutse, kandi ibaye intandaro y’inganda zikoresha isi mu gihe gito.Biragaragara ko "umugani" wa Isiraheli utari isezerano ry'Imana, ahubwo ni ibihumbi bya Mose n'abamukomokaho.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukwakira-24-2023