Ibiciro bya chip byagabanutse, chip ntigurishwa.Mu gice cya mbere cya 2022, kubera ubunebwe bukenewe muriibikoresho bya elegitoronikiisoko, inganda za chip zigeze gutangiza ibiciro byo kugabanya ibiciro, kandi mugice cya kabiri cyumwaka, umugambi wongeye kwisubiramo.
Vuba aha, amakuru ya CCTV yatangaje ko nkibice bigize sisitemu yo kugenzura ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki,STMicroelectronicschip yahoze ari kimwe mu bicuruzwa byashakishijwe cyane mu 2021, kandi amagambo yatanzwe ku isoko yigeze kuzamuka agera ku mafaranga 3.500, ariko mu 2022, chip imwe yagabanutse kuva hejuru kugeza ku 600, igabanuka rigera kuri 80%.
Ku bw'amahirwe, igiciro cy'indi chip umwaka ushize cyari gitandukanye inshuro icumi n'uyu mwaka.Ibiciro bya Chip byagereranywa ningurube, hejuru no hasi, igiciro cyo hejuru kandi itandukaniro ryibiciro bisanzwe byabanje gukabya cyane, biravugwa ko itangazamakuru ryatangaje amayero 600 ya chipi ya STMicroelectronics, igiciro gisanzwe muri 2020 ni amafaranga icumi gusa.
Chip craze isa nkaho yarenganye, igicu cyijimye cyatwikiriye uruziga rwose rw'ikoranabuhanga umwaka ushize rugiye kuzamura?Nk’uko ikinyamakuru Bloomberg kibitangaza ngo umubare munini w'amasosiyete akoresha chip bemeza ko iri soko rishyushye rizagira impinduka zikomeye mu gihe kiri imbere, ndetse n'abantu bamwe bakaba bafite icyizere ko inganda zikoresha amashanyarazi zizatangira kugabanuka cyane mu myaka icumi ishize.
Ibyishimo bike, akababaro gake, ibiciro bya chip avalanche, usibye inganda zacecetse, mfite ubwoba ko hari amasoko atabarika muri karnivali.
01Chip yamanutse, ariko ntabwo yuzuye?
Urubura rwibiciro bya chip ntaho rutandukaniye no gukoresha ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki bidindiza kwisi.
Duhereye kuri raporo y’imari ya TSMC iheruka, dushobora kubona ko ubucuruzi bwa terefone, bwigeze gutera inkunga kimwe cya kabiri cy’igihugu, butakiri isoko ry’amafaranga menshi, kandi biteganijwe ko umubare w’ubucuruzi uzakomeza kugabanuka.Ubushakashatsi bwa CINNO bwerekana ko telefoni yo mu Bushinwa SoC yoherejwe mu gice cya mbere cya 2022 yari hafi miliyoni 134, ikamanuka hafi 16.9% umwaka ushize.
Ku bijyanye n'uruhande rwa PC, nk'uko bitangazwa na sosiyete ikora ubushakashatsi ku isoko rya Mercury Research, mu gihembwe cya kabiri cy'uyu mwaka, ibicuruzwa bitunganyirizwa kuri mudasobwa ku biro byagabanutse kugera ku rwego rwo hasi mu myaka hafi 30, ibicuruzwa byose byatunganijwe byagabanutse cyane ku mwaka ku mwaka kuva 1984 Muri Koreya y'Epfo igurisha rya terefone zigabanuka 29.2% umwaka ushize ku mwaka muri Nyakanga, mudasobwa n'ibikoresho byoherezwa mu mahanga byagabanutseho 21.9%, naho ibicuruzwa byoherejwe mu mutwe byatumye igabanuka na 13.5%.
Ibisabwa hejuru biragabanuka, ibicuruzwa byo hasi bikomeza kugabanuka, nibiciro bisanzwe bikonje.
Ariko, twakagombye kumenya ko izo chipi zagabanije ibiciro nta ruhare na zimwe zigira muri rusange mu nganda zose zikoresha igice cya kabiri.Ese koko chip yagabanutse kubiciro?Munsi yamakuru ya "plummeting", haracyari ababikora batangaje ko izamuka ryibiciro rirwanya icyerekezo, nka Intel, Qualcomm, Meiman Electronics, Broadcom, nibindi barateganya kuzamura igiciro cya bimwe mubicuruzwa byabo bya chip.
Dufashe Intel nk'urugero, nk'uko Nikkei abitangaza, Intel yamenyesheje abakiriya ko izamura igiciro cy'ibicuruzwa bitwara imashanyarazi mu gice cya kabiri cya 2022, bikaba biteganijwe ko izamura igiciro cy'ibicuruzwa byinshi nka seriveri nkuru na mudasobwa CPU. gutunganya hamwe na chip ya peripheri, kandi kwiyongera biratandukanye bitewe n'ubwoko bwa chip, hasi cyane mumibare imwe, kandi kwiyongera kwinshi gushobora kugera kuri 10% kugeza kuri 20%.
Igiciro cya chipi cyazamutse?Turashobora kuvuga ko igiciro cyibikoresho bya elegitoroniki byabaguzi byagabanutse gitunguranye kubera igabanuka ryibisabwa, ariko icyifuzo cya MCUs mubindi bice bikoreshwa gikomeje gukomera, nko kugenzura ibinyabiziga n’inganda, byatumye igiciro cyinshi cya imipira ifitanye isano.Kuva itangira rya terefone ngendanwa ridasanzwe, ejo hazaza h’inganda za chip hashyizweho uburyo bushimishije bwo kugurisha buhoro, ariko mubyukuri, ikibazo cya chip mu nganda zimwe na zimwe nticyarangiye.
By'umwihariko imashini zikoresha amamodoka, 2022 Ubushinwa Nansha International Integrated Circuit Industry Industry Forum bwerekana ko ibicuruzwa bya chip biriho ubu bishobora kuzuza gusa impuzandengo ya 31% by’ibikenerwa n’abakora amamodoka, He Xiaopeng wa Xpeng Motors yavuze kandi ko ikibazo cy’ibura ry’imodoka zitarangira. , GAC muri kamena yatanze amakuru avuga ko GAC yahuye nikibazo cya chip cyibice bigera ku 33.000 mugihembwe cya kabiri.
Inganda nshya zingufu zagenze neza, kandi icyifuzo cya chip mugihe kizaza ntigishobora gusuzugurwa.Biravugwa ko imodoka isanzwe ikeneye gukoresha chip 500,ibinyabiziga bishya byingufuzifite ibikoresho byinshi, umwaka ushize kugurisha imodoka kwisi yose hamwe bigera kuri miliyoni 81.05, ni ukuvuga ko inganda zose zikoresha amamodoka zikenera miliyari 40.5.
Byongeye kandi, chip-end zohejuru ziracyari hejuru kurutambiro rwisoko, kuruhande rumwe, urwego rwo hejuru rwinganda zikora chip hamwe nikoranabuhanga rigezweho ntabwo ryigeze rishira.Byari byavuzwe mbere ko chip ya 3nm ya TSMC izagera ku musaruro mwinshi muri Nzeri, kandi Apple izaba umukiriya wa mbere wakoresheje chip ya 3nm ya TSMC.
Biravugwa ko Apple izaba irimo umushinga mushya wa A17 umwaka utaha, hamwe na M3 ikurikirana, izakoresha nanometero 3 za TSMC.Ku rundi ruhande, harabura ikibazo cyibikoresho byifashishwa bya semiconductor yo hejuru, kandi umusaruro wa 3nm na 2nm wateye imbere ntabwo uteganijwe kuba mwinshi, kandi hashobora kubaho icyuho cyo gutanga 10% kugeza kuri 20% muri 2024 ~ 2025.
Ibyo bituma bidashoboka cyane ko ibiciro bizagabanuka.Ibimenyetso byose bitubwira ko chip zigwa kandi inganda ziri kure yoroshye nkuko bigaragara.
02 Ese ibicuruzwa byabaguzi ntibyemewe?
Uruhande rumwe ruratuje, urundi ruhande ntirutera imbere.
Ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki byabaguzi byanyuze mugihe cyiza cyane cyimyaka ibiri yambere, kandi hamwe no kugabanuka kwikoreshwa rya elegitoronike, amaherezo baramanutse kurutambiro.Kugeza ubu, amasosiyete menshi ya chip yatangiye guhugira mu guhindura ibikorwa byayo, kuva ku baguzi kugera mu modoka n’imashini.TSMC yashyize ku isoko isoko ryimodoka nkumushinga wibanze mumyaka mike iri imbere, kandi biravugwa ko kuruhande rwumugabane wa Afurika, ubucuruzi bwimodoka bwabakinnyi ba MCU bo murugo nka GigaDevice Innovation, Zhongying Electronics, na AMEC nabwo buragenda bugaragara cyane. .
By'umwihariko, GigaDevice yinjiye mu cyiciro cyo gupima abakiriya icyiciro cya mbere cy’imodoka yo mu rwego rwa MCU muri Werurwe, kandi biteganijwe ko izagera ku musaruro rusange muri uyu mwaka;Zhongying Electronics ikoreshwa cyane cyane mugucunga umubiri igice cya MCU, kandi biteganijwe ko izagaruka hagati yumwaka;AMEC Semiconductor yerekanye icyemezo cyayo cyo guteza imbere imashini zikoresha amamodoka muri prospectus, kandi IPO yayo irateganya gukusanya miliyoni 729 Yuan, muri yo miliyoni 283 ni zo zizakoreshwa mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe na chip yo mu rwego rw’imodoka n’umushinga w’iterambere.
Nyuma yabyose, igipimo cyibibanza byimodoka zo murugo no kugenzura ibyuma biri munsi ya 1%, igipimo cyibikoresho bya sensor kiri munsi ya 4%, naho igipimo cy’ibice by’amashanyarazi, kwibuka, n’itumanaho ni 8%, 8%, na 3%.Gukora ibinyabiziga bishya byimbere mu gihugu birateye ubwoba, kandi ibidukikije byose byubwenge harimo gutwara ibinyabiziga byigenga bizatwara umubare munini wa semiconductor mugice cyanyuma.
Kandi bizagora bite gukomeza gukomera hamwe nabaguzi?
Byari byavuzwe mbere ko Samsung yigeze guhagarika itangwa ryamasosiyete yose yubucuruzi, harimo paneli, terefone zigendanwa hamwe na chip yo kwibuka, ndetse n’abakora inganda nyinshi zo muri Koreya bafata ingamba zo kugabanya ibiciro hejuru ya 5% kugirango bagurishe.Ikoranabuhanga rya Nuvoton, inzobere mu bikoresho bya elegitoroniki, naryo ryabonye inyungu yazamutse inshuro zirenga 5.5 umwaka ushize, hamwe n’inyungu NT $ 7.27 kuri buri mugabane.Imikorere yagaragaye neza muri Mata na Gicurasi uyu mwaka, aho amafaranga yagabanutseho 2,18% na 3.04% buri kwezi.
Umuntu ntashobora gusobanura ikintu na kimwe, ariko amakuru yumuyaga yerekana ko guhera ku ya 9 Gicurasi, amasosiyete 126 ya semiconductor ku isi yose yatangaje raporo y’imari y’igihembwe cya mbere cya 2022, muri bo 16 bakaba baragabanutse ku mwaka ku mwaka inyungu zunguka cyangwa ndetse no gutakaza.Chipi y'abaguzi yihutisha kugabanuka kwabo, kandi ibinyabiziga no kugenzura inganda byahindutse ingingo ishakisha inyungu ku isoko rya chip.
Ariko mubyukuri biroroshye nkuko bigaragara?
Cyane cyane kuri bamwe mubakora chip murugo, kuva mumashanyarazi ya elegitoroniki yumuguzi mukibuga cyimodoka birenze kure ubushyuhe bwisoko.Mbere ya byose, chip zo murugo zigomba kugira epfo na ruguru, kandi umurima wabaguzi uri kumwanya wa mbere, bingana na 27%.Nubwo urebye ku isi, isoko ryimbere mu gihugu naryo soko rinini cyane rya semiconductor, amakuru yerekana ko mumwaka wa 2021, igurishwa ry’isoko ry’icyuma cy’isoko ry’Ubushinwa ryageze kuri miliyari 29.62 z’amadolari y’Amerika, umwaka ushize wiyongereyeho 58%, ni isi ku isi isoko rinini cyane rya semiconductor, bingana na 28.9% byigurishwa kwisi yose.
Icya kabiri, inganda za chip ubwazo zifite inyungu nini muri terefone zikoresha ubwenge hamwe na 5G bijyanye.Kurugero, ibyoherejwe na TSMC bingana na 70% byisoko ryimodoka MCU, ariko imashini zikoresha imodoka zingana na 3.31% byinjiza 2020.Kugeza Q1 2022, Smartphone ya TSMC hamwe na HPC bizaba bingana na 40% na 41% byinjiza byinjira, mugihe imodoka ya IOT DCE nabandi bazaba 8%, 5%, 3% na 3%.
Ibisabwa ni bike, ariko inyungu iracyahari, kandi ikibazo gishobora kuba aricyo kibabaza umutwe cyane ku isoko rya semiconductor.
03 Nyuma yiterambere, abaguzi barishimye?
Iyo igiciro cya chipi gihungabanye, igishimishije cyane ni abaguzi, terefone zigendanwa, imodoka ndetse nibikoresho byo mu rugo byubwenge byahindutse agace karnivali gakoreshwa giteganijwe kenshi nyuma yuko igiciro cya chip kigabanutse, cyane cyane terefone zigendanwa.Ntibyatinze nyuma yibiciro bya chip avalanche, hari abantu basakuzaga kurubuga rusange kugirango bagure terefone zigendanwa mugice cya kabiri cyuyu mwaka.
Ako kanya, igiciro cyingufu nshya cyaragabanutse, igiciro cyibikoresho bya elegitoronike kiragabanuka, nigiciro cyibikoresho byo murugo cyaragabanutse… Amajwi nkaya araza akagenda.Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, nta cyerekezo gisobanutse muri iki gihe ari ukumenya niba hazabaho igabanuka ry’ibiciro bijyanye n’ibicuruzwa, ariko mvugishije ukuri, iyi ntera yo kugabanya ibiciro bya chip ntabwo izatera igabanuka ryinshi ry’ibiciro ku isoko ry’abaguzi.
Banza urebe umurima wa terefone igendanwa cyane, mumyaka yashize, abakora terefone zigendanwa bahora bazamura ibiciro, guceceka kurwego rwo hasi, swagger yo mu rwego rwo hejuru, amahirwe yo kugabanya ibiciro mugihe gito ni make cyane.Byongeye kandi, inyungu nini y’abakora telefone zigendanwa zo mu gihugu ntizabaye nyinshi.Mu nama y'abashinzwe iterambere rya Huawei, Yang Haisong, visi perezida w’ishami rishinzwe ubucuruzi bw’umuguzi wa Huawei, yavuze ko inyungu z’abakora telefone zigendanwa zo mu Bushinwa ziri hasi cyane, kandi ko isoko ry’itumanaho rya terefone igendanwa rirenga kimwe cya kabiri, ariko inyungu ni 10 gusa %.
Nanone, chip iramanuka rwose, ariko igiciro cyibindi bice ntabwo gifite ikinyabupfura cyane, nka sensor na ecran, moderi zo mu rwego rwo hejuru ziragenda ziba rusange, abakora terefone zigendanwa kubisabwa murwego rwo gutanga ibintu mubisanzwe birakomeye kandi birakomeye, biravugwa ko OPPO, Xiaomi yigeze gukora sensor yihariye kuri Sony na Samsung.
Muri ubu buryo, ni umugisha kubakoresha ko igiciro cya terefone zigendanwa kitiyongera.
Urebye ingufu nshya, chip nyamukuru yagabanije igiciro kuriyi nshuro ntabwo yari mu rwego rwo gukora imodoka, tutibagiwe, izamuka ry’ibiciro mu ruziga rushya rw’imodoka mu gice cya mbere cy’umwaka ntirwigeze ruba, ndetse na impamvu iri inyuma yacyo ntabwo byose byari ibibazo bya chip.Igiciro cyibikoresho byinshi kirazamuka, cyaba nikel, ibyuma, aluminium harimo electrode nziza kandi mbi, igiciro cyiyongera gusa, igiciro cya bateri gikomeza kuba kinini, kandi ibintu bitandukanye biragaragara ko bidashobora kwitirirwa chip gusa.
Birumvikana ko uruziga rukora imodoka ntabwo rushobora kugaruka kuri chip ntishobora kuboneka, kuva uyumwaka, LED itanga urumuri hamwe na chip ya shoferi bifite igiciro cya 30% -40% igabanuka ryibiciro, nta gushidikanya ko bizagira uruhare runini muri igiciro cyakurikiyeho nyir'imodoka.
Usibye amaterefone yubwenge, ingaruka zikomeye za chipi yabaguzi birashoboka ko ari ibikoresho byurugo byubwenge nka konderasi hamwe na firigo, kandi ibyifuzo bya MCUs mubikoresho bitatu byingenzi byimbere mu gihugu ntabwo ari bike, kuva miriyoni 570 muri 2017 bikagera kuri 700 miliyoni muri 2022, muri zo MCUs zifata ibyuma birenga 60%.
Nyamara, chip zikoreshwa mumurima wubwenge murugo ahanini ni chip-end zohejuru hamwe nibikorwa bisubira inyuma, bikaba bitandukanye cyane na diametricique nibikorwa bigezweho nka 3nm na 7nm, mubisanzwe hejuru ya 28nm cyangwa 45nm.Urabizi, izo chipi zikoreshwa cyane bitewe nibikoresho bya tekinike nkeya, kandi igiciro cyibice ntabwo kiri hejuru.
Ku masosiyete akoresha ibikoresho byo mu rugo, tekinoroji yo hasi bivuze ko bashobora no kugera ku kwihaza.Muri 2017, hashyizweho ishami rya microlectronics Gree;Muri 2018, Konka yatangaje ko hashyizweho ku mugaragaro ishami ry’ikoranabuhanga rya semiconductor;Muri 2018, Midea yatangaje ko yinjiye mu gukora chip kandi ishinga Meiren Semiconductor Co., Ltd., maze muri Mutarama 2021, hashyirwaho Meiken Semiconductor Technology Co., Ltd.
Dukurikije imibare ituzuye, amasosiyete menshi asanzwe akoresha ibikoresho byo murugo nka TCL, Konka, Skyworth, na Haier yashyizeho umurima wa semiconductor, mu yandi magambo, uyu murima ntubuzwa amahwemo na gato.
Hasi, cyangwa hasi?Kugabanuka kw'ibiciro bya chip birasa nkibisasu bitari byo, abakora ibicuruzwa byo hejuru ntibishimye by'agateganyo, kereka abaguzi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza-29-2022