X.

Ibiranga ibicuruzwa

Tanga amakuru y'ibicuruzwa

Reba Bisa

Inyandiko & Itangazamakuru

Ibidukikije & Kohereza ibicuruzwa mu byiciro

Umuzunguruko wuzuye

Umuzunguruko uhuriweho cyangwa monolithic uhuza uruziga (nanone bita IC, chip, cyangwa microchip) ni urutonde rwaimiyoboro ya elegitoronikiku gice kimwe gito (cyangwa “chip”) yaigice cya kabiriibikoresho, mubisanzwesilicon.Umubare muniniya gitoMOSFETS(icyuma - oxyde - igice cya kabiriumurima-ngaruka transistors) kwinjiza muri chip nto.Ibi bivamo imizunguruko itondekanya ubunini buto, bwihuse, kandi buhenze kuruta ibyubatswe na discretibikoresho bya elegitoroniki.ICumusaruro mwinshiubushobozi, kwiringirwa, no kubaka-guhagarika inzira kuriIgishushanyo mbonerayakoze ibishoboka byose kugirango iyemezwa ryihuse rya IC mu mwanya wibishushanyo ukoresheje discrettransistors.Ubu IC ikoreshwa mubikoresho byose bya elegitoronike kandi byahinduye isiibikoresho bya elegitoroniki.Mudasobwa,terefone zigendanwan'ibindiibikoresho byo mu rugoubu ni ibice bidasobanutse byimiterere yimibereho ya kijyambere, byashobotse kubunini buke nigiciro gito cya IC nkibigezwehomudasobwanamicrocontrollers.

Nini-nini-nini yo kwishyira hamweyakozwe mubikorwa niterambere ryikoranabuhanga muriicyuma - oxyde - silikoni(MOS)ibikoresho bya semiconductor.Kuva inkomoko yabyo mu myaka ya za 1960, ingano, umuvuduko, nubushobozi bwa chip byateye imbere cyane, biterwa niterambere rya tekinike rihuza transistor nyinshi za MOS nyinshi kuri chip zingana - chip igezweho ishobora kuba ifite miliyari nyinshi za tristoriste MOS muri an agace kangana nintoki zumuntu.Iterambere, rikurikiraAmategeko ya Moore, kora chip ya mudasobwa yiki gihe ifite inshuro miriyoni zubushobozi ninshuro ibihumbi byihuta bya chip ya mudasobwa yo muntangiriro ya za 70.

IC ifite ibyiza bibiri byingenzi birenzeimiyoboro idasanzwe: igiciro n'imikorere.Igiciro ni gito kuko chip, hamwe nibigize byose, byacapwe nkigice kimwe naYamazakiaho kubakwa tristoriste imwe icyarimwe.Byongeye kandi, IC zapakiwe zikoresha ibikoresho bike ugereranije na sisitemu yihariye.Imikorere ni ndende kuko ibice bya IC bihinduka vuba kandi bigakoresha imbaraga nkeya ugereranije nubunini bwazo kandi byegeranye.Ingaruka nyamukuru ya IC nigiciro kinini cyo kubishushanya no guhimba ibikeneweamafoto.Iki giciro cyambere cyambere bivuze ko IC zifite ubucuruzi gusa mugiheumusaruro mwinshiBiteganijwe.

Amagambo akoreshwaHindura]

Anumuzengurukoisobanuwe nka:^[1]

Umuzunguruko aho ibintu byose cyangwa bimwe mubintu byumuzunguruko bifitanye isano ridasubirwaho kandi bigahuzwa namashanyarazi kuburyo bifatwa nkaho bitagabanywa hagamijwe kubaka nubucuruzi.

Imirongo yujuje iki gisobanuro irashobora kubakwa hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga ryinshi ritandukanye, harimotristoriste yoroheje,tekinoroji ya firime, cyangwaimiyoboro ya Hybrid.Ariko, muri rusangeumuzengurukoyaje kwerekeza kumurongo umwe wumuzunguruko wubatswe uzwi nka aumuzenguruko wa monolithic, akenshi yubatswe ku gice kimwe cya silicon.^[2][3]

Amateka

Kugerageza kare guhuza ibice byinshi mubikoresho bimwe (nka IC igezweho) byariLoewe 3NFvacuum tube kuva muri 1920.Bitandukanye na IC, yateguwe hagamijwe integokwirinda imisoro, nko mu Budage, abakira amaradiyo bari bafite umusoro wakwa bitewe n’abafite imiyoboro ya radiyo bafite.Yemereye abakira amaradiyo kugira umuyoboro umwe.

Ibitekerezo byambere byumuzunguruko byahujwe bigaruka muri 1949, mugihe injeniyeri wubudageWerner Jacobi^[4](Siemens AG)^[5]yatanze ipatanti yibikoresho byuzuzanya-bisa na semiconductor igikoresho cyongera ibikoresho^[6]kwerekana bitanutransistorskuri substrate isanzwe mubyiciro bitatuamplifiergahunda.Jacobi yatangaje ibintu bito kandi bihendutseibikoresho byo kumvankibisanzwe byinganda zikoreshwa na patenti.Gukoresha ubucuruzi bwihuse bwa patenti ntabwo byatangajwe.

Undi washyigikiraga igitekerezo cyariGeoffrey Dummer(1909–2002), umuhanga wa radar ukorera uIshyirwaho rya Radar ya cyamiy'AbongerezaMinisiteri y'Ingabo.Dummer yagejeje igitekerezo kubaturage muri Symposium on Progress in Quality Electronic Component inWashington, DCku ya 7 Gicurasi 1952.^[7]Yatanze ibiganiro byinshi kumugaragaro kugirango yamamaze ibitekerezo bye kandi agerageza kubaka uruziga nk'urwo mu 1956. Hagati ya 1953 na 1957,Sidney Darlingtonna Yasuo Tarui (Laboratoire ya Electrotechnical) yatanze ibitekerezo bisa na chip aho tristoriste nyinshi zishobora kugabana ahantu hasanzwe, ariko ntayokwigunga amashanyarazikubatandukanya.^[4]

Chip ya monolithic igizwe na chip yashobojwe nubuvumbuzi bwainziranaJean Hoerninap - n ihurironaKurt Lehovec.Ivumburwa rya Hoerni ryubakiyehoMohamed M. Atalla'Akazi ku buso bwa passiwasi, kimwe na Fuller na Ditzenberger umurimo wo gukwirakwiza imyanda ya boron na fosifore muri silicon,Carl Froschna Lincoln Derick umurimo wo kurinda hejuru, kandiChih-Tang Sah'A Kuri Gukwirakwiza Masking na Okide.^[8]