Ibishya kandi byumwimerere TPA3116D2DADR Igizwe numuzunguruko IC Chips ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki

Mu minsi ya mbere ya chip ya semiconductor, silicon ntabwo yari nyamukuru, germanium yari.Transistor ya mbere yari transistor ishingiye kuri germanium naho chip ya mbere yumuzunguruko yari chip ya germanium.
Transistor ya mbere yahimbwe na Bardeen na Bratton, bahimbye transistor ya bipolar (BJT).Diode ya mbere ya P / N yahimbwe na Shockley, ako kanya, ubu bwoko bwihuza bwateguwe na Shockley bwabaye imiterere isanzwe ya BJT kandi burimo gukora muri iki gihe.Bose uko ari batatu bahawe kandi igihembo cyitiriwe Nobel muri fiziki muri uwo mwaka mu 1956.
Transistor irashobora kumvikana gusa nka miniature.Ukurikije imiterere ya semiconductor, N-semiconductor yo mu bwoko bwa N irashobora gushirwaho mugukoporora igice cya semiconductor hamwe na fosifore na P-semiconductor hamwe na boron.Ihuriro rya N-ubwoko na P-semiconductor ikora PN ihuza, imiterere yingenzi muri chip ya elegitoroniki;ibi bituma ibikorwa byihariye bya logique bikorwa (nka hamwe-amarembo, cyangwa-amarembo, atari amarembo, nibindi)
Germanium, ariko, ifite ibibazo bimwe bigoye cyane, nkinenge nyinshi zintera muri semiconductor, kutagira ubushyuhe bwumuriro, no kubura okiside yuzuye.Byongeye kandi, germanium nikintu kidasanzwe, gifite ibice 7 gusa kuri miriyoni mubutaka bwisi, kandi amabuye ya germanium nayo aranyanyagiye cyane.Ni ukubera ko germanium ari gake cyane kandi ntabwo yibanda ku giciro cyibikoresho fatizo bya germanium bikomeza kuba byinshi;ibintu ntibisanzwe, kandi igiciro kinini cyibikoresho fatizo bituma transistor ya germanium itahendutse, biragoye rero kubyara transistoriste ya germanium murwego runini.

Abashakashatsi rero, basimbutse urwego bareba element silicon.Urashobora kuvuga ko ibibuze byose bya germanium nibyiza bya silicon.

Silicon nikintu cya kabiri cyinshi nyuma ya ogisijeni, ariko mubisanzwe ntushobora kubona monomeri ya silicon muri kamere;ibisanzwe byinshi ni silika na silicates.Muri ibyo, silika nayo nimwe mubice byingenzi bigize umucanga.Mubyongeyeho, ibice nka feldspar, granite, na quartz byose bishingiye kubintu bya silika-ogisijeni.

Silicon ihagaze neza cyane, ifite oxyde yuzuye, ya dielectric ihoraho, kandi irashobora gutegurwa byoroshye hamwe na sisitemu ya silicon-silicon oxyde ifite inenge nke cyane.

Okiside ya Silicon ntishobora gushonga mumazi (okiside ya germanium irashonga mumazi) kandi ntishobora gushonga muri acide nyinshi, ibyo bikaba bihuye gusa nubuhanga bwo gucapa ruswa ikoreshwa kubibaho byacapwe.Ibicuruzwa byuruvange ni inzira iringaniye kumuzunguruko ukomeza kugeza na nubu.
Inkingi ya kirisiti

Urugendo rwa Silicon rugana hejuru
Umushinga watsinzwe: Bavuga ko Shockley yabonye amahirwe menshi yo kwisoko mugihe ntamuntu wari wagishoboye gukora transistor ya silicon;niyo mpamvu yavuye muri Bell Labs mu 1956 atangiza uruganda rwe muri California.Kubwamahirwe, Shockley ntabwo yari rwiyemezamirimo mwiza kandi gucunga ubucuruzi bwe byari ibicucu ugereranije nubuhanga bwe bwo kwiga.Shockley we rero ntabwo yujuje icyifuzo cyo gusimbuza germanium na silicon, kandi icyiciro ubuzima bwe bwose yari podium muri kaminuza ya Stanford.Umwaka umwe nyuma yo gushingwa, abasore umunani bafite impano yari yarashakishije bamuvuyemo ari benshi, kandi "abahemu umunani" ni bo bagombaga kurangiza icyifuzo cyo gusimbuza germanium na silikoni.

Kuzamuka kwa tristoriste ya silicon

Mbere yuko umunani Renegades ishinga Fairchild Semiconductor, transistor ya germanium niyo soko yiganjemo transistoriste, hamwe na transistor zigera kuri miriyoni 30 zakozwe muri Amerika mu 1957, miliyoni imwe gusa ya tristoriste ya silicon hamwe na tristoriste ya germani hafi miliyoni 29.Mugabane wa 20%, isoko rya Texas ryabaye igihangange kumasoko ya transistor.
Umunani Renegades na Fairchild Semiconductor

Abakiriya bakomeye ku isoko, guverinoma y’Amerika n’igisirikare, barashaka gukoresha izo chipi ku bwinshi muri roketi na misile, kongera umutwaro w’agaciro wo kohereza no kuzamura ubwizerwe bw’imashini zishinzwe kugenzura.Ariko transistors nayo izahura nuburyo bukomeye bwo gukora buterwa nubushyuhe bwinshi hamwe no kunyeganyega gukabije.

Germanium niyambere yatakaye mugihe cyubushyuhe: transistor ya germanium irashobora kwihanganira ubushyuhe bwa 80 ° C gusa, mugihe igisirikare gisabwa kugirango gikore neza ndetse no kuri 200 ° C.Transistor ya silicon yonyine irashobora kwihanganira ubu bushyuhe.
Transistor gakondo

Fairchild yahimbye inzira yo gukora tristoriste ya silicon, ikora yoroshye kandi ikora neza nkibitabo byacapwe kandi bihendutse cyane kuruta transistor ya germanium ukurikije igiciro.Inzira ya Fairchild yo gukora transistor ya silicon irakomeye kuburyo bukurikira.

Ubwa mbere, imiterere yashushanijwe n'intoki, rimwe na rimwe nini cyane ku buryo ifata urukuta, hanyuma igishushanyo gifotorwa hanyuma kigabanywa ku rupapuro ruto rusobanutse, akenshi rufite imirongo ibiri y'impapuro eshatu, buri kimwe kigereranya urwego rw'umuzunguruko.

Icya kabiri, urwego rwibikoresho byorohereza urumuri rushyirwa kumurongo wa silikoni yaciwe kandi isennye neza, hanyuma UV / laser ikoreshwa mukurinda ishusho yumuzingi kurupapuro rwa transillumination kuri wafer ya silicon.

Icya gatatu, uturere n'imirongo mugice cyijimye cyurupapuro rwa transillumination bisiga ibishushanyo bitagaragara kuri wafer ya silicon;ubu buryo butamenyekanye busukurwa hamwe nigisubizo cya acide, kandi hongeweho umwanda wa semiconductor (tekinike ya diffuzione) cyangwa ibyuma byuma.

Icya kane, gusubiramo intambwe eshatu hejuru kuri buri wafer isobanutse, umubare munini wa tristoriste urashobora kuboneka kuri wafer ya silicon, igabanywa nabakozi babagore munsi ya microscope hanyuma igahuzwa ninsinga, hanyuma igapakira, ikageragezwa, ikagurishwa.

Hamwe na tristoriste ya silicon iboneka kubwinshi, abashinze umunani bigometse kuri Fairchild bari mubigo byashoboraga guhagarara hamwe nibihangange nka Texas Instruments.

Gusunika kwingenzi - Intel
Nibyavumbuwe nyuma yumuzunguruko wahurijwe hamwe werekana ubwiganze bwa germanium.Muri kiriya gihe, hari imirongo ibiri yikoranabuhanga, imwe yumuzunguruko uhuriweho kuri chipi ya germanium ivuye muri Texas Instruments n'indi yo guhuza imiyoboro kuri chipiki ya silicon ivuye muri Fairchild.Mu mizo ya mbere, ayo masosiyete yombi yagiranye amakimbirane akomeye ku bijyanye no gutunga ipatanti ku muyoboro uhuriweho, ariko nyuma ibiro bishinzwe ipatanti byemera ko nyir'ipatanti afite imizunguruko ihuriweho n'ibigo byombi.
Ariko, uko inzira ya Fairchild yarushijeho gutera imbere, yabaye ihame ryumuzunguruko kandi iracyakoreshwa nubu.Nyuma, Noyce, wavumbuye umuzunguruko uhuriweho, na Moore, wavumbuye amategeko ya Moore, bavuye muri Centron Semiconductor, kuko, bombi, bari bagize "Abagambanyi umunani".Hamwe na Grove, baremye ubu isosiyete nini ya chip nini ya semiconductor nini ku isi, Intel.
Abashinze batatu ba Intel, uhereye ibumoso: Grove, Noyce, na Moore

Mu iterambere ryakurikiyeho, Intel yasunitse ibyuma bya silicon.Yatsinze ibihangange nka Texas Instruments, Motorola, na IBM kugirango ibe umwami wububiko bwa semiconductor nu murenge wa CPU.

Igihe Intel yabaye umukinnyi wiganje mu nganda, silicon nayo yarangije germanium, kandi icyahoze ari ikibaya cya Santa Clara cyiswe "Ikibaya cya Silicon".Kuva icyo gihe, ibyuma bya silicon byahindutse bihwanye na semiconductor chip mubitekerezo rusange.

Germanium, ariko, ifite ibibazo bitoroshye gukemura, nkinenge nyinshi zinenge za semiconductor, kutagira ubushyuhe bwumuriro, no kubura okiside yuzuye.Byongeye kandi, germanium nikintu kidasanzwe, gifite ibice 7 gusa kuri miriyoni mubutaka bwisi, kandi amabuye ya germanium nayo aranyanyagiye cyane.Ni ukubera ko germanium ari gake cyane kandi ntabwo yibanda ku giciro cyibikoresho fatizo bya germanium bikomeza kuba byinshi;ibintu ntibisanzwe, kandi igiciro kinini cyibikoresho fatizo bituma transistor ya germanium itahendutse, biragoye rero kubyara transistoriste ya germanium murwego runini.

Abashakashatsi rero, basimbutse urwego bareba element silicon.Urashobora kuvuga ko intege nke za germanium zose ari imbaraga za silicon.

Silicon nikintu cya kabiri cyinshi nyuma ya ogisijeni, ariko mubisanzwe ntushobora kubona monomeri ya silicon muri kamere;ibisanzwe byinshi ni silika na silicates.Muri ibyo, silika nayo nimwe mubice byingenzi bigize umucanga.Mubyongeyeho, ibice nka feldspar, granite, na quartz byose bishingiye kubintu bya silika-ogisijeni.

Silicon ihagaze neza cyane, ifite oxyde yuzuye, ya dielectric ihoraho, kandi irashobora gutegurwa byoroshye hamwe na sisitemu ya silicon-silicon oxyde ifite inenge nke cyane.

Okiside ya Silicon ntishobora gushonga mumazi (okiside ya germanium irashonga mumazi) kandi ntishobora gushonga muri acide nyinshi, ibyo bikaba bihuye gusa nubuhanga bwo gucapa ruswa ikoreshwa kubibaho byacapwe.Ibicuruzwa byuruvange nuburyo bwimikorere yumuzunguruko gahunda ikomeza kugeza nubu.