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1.Uburyo bwo gukora wafer imwe ya kristu

Intambwe yambere ni ugusukura metallurgical, bikubiyemo kongeramo karubone no guhindura okiside ya silicon kuri silicon ya 98% cyangwa irenga ikoresheje redox.Ibyuma byinshi, nk'icyuma cyangwa umuringa, binonosowe muri ubu buryo kugirango ubone icyuma gihagije.Nyamara, 98% biracyari bihagije mugukora chip kandi birakenewe ko tunonosorwa.Kubwibyo, inzira ya Siemens izakoreshwa mugukomeza kwezwa kugirango ubone polysilicon-isukuye cyane isabwa mugikorwa cya semiconductor.
Intambwe ikurikira ni ugukurura kristu.Ubwa mbere, polysilicon yuzuye-isukuye yabonetse mbere irashonga kugirango ikore silikoni y'amazi.Nyuma, kristu imwe yimbuto ya silikoni ihuzwa nubuso bwamazi hanyuma igakururwa buhoro buhoro hejuru mugihe kizunguruka.Impamvu yo gukenera imbuto imwe ya kirisiti ni uko, nkumuntu utonda umurongo, atome ya silicon igomba gutondekwa kugirango abaje nyuma yabo bamenye umurongo neza.Ubwanyuma, iyo atome ya silicon yavuye hejuru yamazi igakomera, inkingi imwe itunganijwe neza ya kirisiti ya silicon yuzuye.
Ariko 8 "na 12" byerekana iki?Avuga kuri diameter yinkingi dukora, igice gisa nkigiti cyikaramu nyuma yubuso bumaze gutunganywa no gukatirwa muri waferi yoroheje.Ni izihe ngorane zo gukora wafer nini?Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, inzira yo gukora wafer ni nko gukora ibishanga, kuzunguruka no kubikora uko ugenda.Umuntu wese wakoze ibishanga mbere azamenya ko bigoye cyane gukora ibishanga binini, bikomeye, kandi niko bigenda no gukurura wafer, aho umuvuduko wo kuzunguruka no kugenzura ubushyuhe bigira ingaruka kumiterere ya wafer.Nkigisubizo, uko ingano nini, niko umuvuduko nubushyuhe bisabwa, bigatuma bigorana cyane kubyara 12 "wafer yo mu rwego rwo hejuru kuruta wafer".

Kugirango habeho wafer, icyuma cya diyama gikoreshwa mugukata wafer mu buryo butambitse mo wafer, hanyuma igahanagurwa kugirango ikore wafer ikenerwa mugukora chip.Intambwe ikurikiraho ni ugukurikirana amazu cyangwa gukora chip.Nigute ushobora gukora chip?
2.Kumenyekanisha icyo wafer ya silicon aricyo, biragaragara kandi ko gukora chip ya IC ari nko kubaka inzu ifite blokisiyo ya Lego, ukayishyira hejuru kumurongo kugirango ukore ishusho ushaka.Ariko, hariho intambwe zitari nke zo kubaka inzu, kandi niko bigenda no gukora IC.Ni izihe ntambwe zigira uruhare mu gukora IC?Igice gikurikira gisobanura inzira yo gukora chip chip.

Mbere yo gutangira, dukeneye gusobanukirwa icyo IC chip aricyo - IC, cyangwa Integrated Circuit, nkuko byitwa, ni agace k'imiyoboro yabugenewe ishyizwe hamwe muburyo butondetse.Mugukora ibi, turashobora kugabanya ingano yubutaka busabwa kugirango duhuze imirongo.Igishushanyo gikurikira kirerekana igishushanyo cya 3D cyumuzunguruko wa IC, gishobora kugaragara ko cyubatswe nkibiti ninkingi zinzu, byegeranye kimwe hejuru yundi, niyo mpamvu gukora IC bigereranywa no kubaka inzu.

Uhereye ku gice cya 3D cya chip ya IC yerekanwe hejuru, igice cyubururu cyijimye hepfo ni wafer yatangijwe mugice kibanziriza iki.Ibice bitukura n'ibara ry'isi niho IC ikorerwa.

Mbere ya byose, igice gitukura gishobora kugereranwa na salle yo hasi yinyubako ndende.Lobby yo hasi ni irembo ryinyubako, aho abantu binjira, kandi akenshi ikora cyane mubijyanye no kugenzura ibinyabiziga.Biragoye rero kubaka kuruta andi magorofa kandi bisaba intambwe nyinshi.Mu muzunguruko wa IC, iyi salle ni logique yumuryango, nigice cyingenzi muri IC yose, ihuza amarembo atandukanye ya logique kugirango ikore chip ikora neza.

Igice cy'umuhondo ni hasi hasi.Ugereranije no hasi, ntabwo bigoye cyane kandi ntabwo bihindura byinshi kuva hasi kugeza hasi.Intego yiyi etage ni uguhuza amarembo ya logique mugice gitukura hamwe.Impamvu yo gukenera ibice byinshi nuko hariho imirongo myinshi cyane kugirango ihuze hamwe kandi niba urwego rumwe rudashobora kwakira imiyoboro yose, ibice byinshi bigomba gutondekwa kugirango bigerweho.Muri iki kibazo, ibice bitandukanye byahujwe hejuru no hepfo kugirango byuzuze ibisabwa.