(Gishya & Umwimerere) Mububiko 3S200A-4FTG256C IC Chip XC3S200A-4FTG256C

Ibiranga ibicuruzwa

 Umwanya Gahunda Irembo Array

 A.umurima-programable amarembo array(FPGA) ni anumuzengurukoyagenewe gushyirwaho nabakiriya cyangwa uwashushanyije nyuma yo gukora - niyo mpamvu ijamboumurima-ushobora gutegurwa.Iboneza rya FPGA muri rusange bisobanuwe ukoresheje aururimi rusobanura ururimi(HDL), bisa nibikoreshwa kuri anPorogaramu yihariye(ASIC).Igishushanyo cyizungurukaByakoreshejwe mbere Kugaragaza Iboneza, ariko ibi biragenda bidasanzwe kubera kuza kwaibikoresho bya elegitoronikiibikoresho.

FPGAs zirimo umurongo waporogaramu guhagarika ibitekerezo, hamwe nubuyobozi bwimiterere ihuza imiyoboro yemerera guhagarika insinga hamwe.Guhagarika ibitekerezo birashobora gushyirwaho kugirango bikore ibintu bigoyeimirimo yo guhuza, cyangwa gukora nk'ibyoroshyeamarembo yumvikanankaNAnaXOR.Muri FPGAs nyinshi, guhagarika ibitekerezo nabyo birimoibintu byo kwibuka, bishobora kuba byoroshyeflip-flopscyangwa byinshi byuzuye byo kwibuka.^[1]FPGAs nyinshi zirashobora gusubirwamo kugirango zishyire mubikorwa bitandukanyeimikorere yumvikana, kwemerera guhindukakubarankuko byakozwe muriporogaramu ya mudasobwa.

FPGAs ifite uruhare rudasanzwe muriSisitemuiterambere bitewe nubushobozi bwabo bwo gutangiza sisitemu ya software icyarimwe hamwe nibyuma, gushoboza imikorere ya sisitemu mugice cyambere cyiterambere, kandi yemerera ibigeragezo bitandukanye bya sisitemu no gushushanya mbere yo kurangiza sisitemu yububiko.^[2]

Amateka [Hindura]

Inganda za FPGA zimaze kuvaporogaramu ishobora gusoma gusa(PROM) naporogaramu zishobora gukoreshwa(PLDs).PROMs na PLDs byombi byari bifite amahitamo yo gutegurwa mubice mu ruganda cyangwa mumurima (field-programable).^[3]

Alterayashinzwe mu 1983 kandi itanga ibikoresho byambere byongera gusubirwamo munganda mu 1984 - EP300 - yagaragazaga idirishya rya quartz muri paki yemerera abakoresha gucana itara rya ultra-violet ku rupfu kugirango bahanagureEPROMselile zifite igikoresho cyibikoresho.^[4]

Xilinxyabyaye ubucuruzi bwa mbere bushobora kubaho umurima-ushobora gutegurwairembomu 1985^[3]- XC2064.^[5]XC2064 yari ifite amarembo ashobora gutegurwa no guhuza porogaramu zishobora guhuza amarembo, intangiriro yikoranabuhanga rishya nisoko.^[6]XC2064 yari ifite 64 igereranya logique (CLBs), hamwe na bitatu-byinjijweImbonerahamwe(LUTs).^[7]

Mu 1987 ,.Ikigo cyo Kurwanira mu maziyateye inkunga ubushakashatsi bwatanzwe na Steve Casselman bwo gukora mudasobwa izashyira mu bikorwa amarembo 600.000.Casselman yaratsinze kandi patenti ijyanye na sisitemu yatanzwe mu 1992.^[3]

Altera na Xilinx bakomeje nta nkomyi kandi bakura vuba kuva mu 1985 kugeza hagati ya za 90 rwagati ubwo abanywanyi bameraga, bikangiza igice kinini cy'umugabane wabo ku isoko.Kugeza 1993, Actel (ubuMicrosemi) yakoraga hafi 18 ku ijana by'isoko.^[6]

1990 yari igihe cyiterambere ryihuse kuri FPGAs, haba mubuhanga bwumuzunguruko ndetse nubunini bwumusaruro.Mu ntangiriro ya za 90, FPGAs yakoreshejwe cyane cyane muriitumanahonaimiyoboro.Mu mpera z'imyaka icumi, FPGAs yabonye inzira mu baguzi, mu modoka, no mu nganda.^[8]

Kugeza mu 2013, Altera (31 ku ijana), Actel (10 ku ijana) na Xilinx (36 ku ijana) hamwe bahagarariye hafi 77 ku ijana by'isoko rya FPGA.^[9]

Ibigo nka Microsoft byatangiye gukoresha FPGAs kugirango byihutishe imikorere-yimikorere, kubara cyane (nkaibigoBikoraMoteri ishakisha), kubera iimikorere kuri wattinyungu FPGAs itanga.^[10]Microsoft yatangiye gukoresha FPGAs kurikwihutaBing muri 2014, no muri 2018 yatangiye kohereza FPGAs mubindi bikoresho byikigo bikora akazi kaboAzure Kubaraurubuga.^[11]

Ibihe bikurikira bikurikira byerekana iterambere mubice bitandukanye byubushakashatsi bwa FPGA:

Gatesi

• 1987: amarembo 9,000, Xilinx^[6]
• 1992: 600.000, Ishami rishinzwe kurwanira mu mazi^[3]
• Mu ntangiriro ya 2000: miliyoni^[8]
• 2013: miliyoni 50, Xilinx^[12]

Ingano yisoko

• 1985: Ubucuruzi bwa mbere FPGA: Xilinx XC2064^[5][6]
• 1987: miliyoni 14 z'amadolari^[6]
• c.1993:> miliyoni 385 z'amadolari^{[6][kugenzura kunanirwa]}
• 2005: miliyari 1.9 z'amadolari^[13]
• Ikigereranyo cya 2010: miliyari 2.75 z'amadolari^[13]
• 2013: miliyari 5.4 z'amadolari^[14]
• Ikigereranyo cya 2020: miliyari 9.8 z'amadolari^[14]

Igishushanyo kiratangira

A.gushushanya gutangirani igishushanyo gishya cyo gushyira mubikorwa kuri FPGA.

• 2005: 80.000^[15]
• 2008: 90.000^[16]

Igishushanyo [Hindura]

FPGAs zubu zifite umutungo munini waamarembo yumvikanana RAM ihagarika gushyira mubikorwa imibare igoye.Nkuko ibishushanyo bya FPGA bikoresha byihuse I / O igipimo namakuru abiribisi, biba ikibazo cyo kugenzura igihe nyacyo cyamakuru yemewe mugihe cyo gushiraho no gufata igihe.

Gutegura igorofaituma ibikoresho bigenerwa muri FPGAs kugirango byuzuze ibihe.FPGAs irashobora gukoreshwa mugushira mubikorwa ibikorwa byumvikana ko anASICirashobora gukora.Ubushobozi bwo kuvugurura imikorere nyuma yo koherezwa,igice cyo kongera kubonezacy'igice cy'igishushanyo^[17]hamwe nigiciro gito kidasubirwaho cyubwubatsi ugereranije nigishushanyo cya ASIC (utitaye kubiciro rusange biri hejuru), tanga inyungu kubisabwa byinshi.^[1]

FPGA zimwe zifite ibintu bisa byiyongera kubikorwa bya digitale.Ikigereranyo gikunze kugaragara ni programableigipimokuri buri gisohoka pin, kwemerera injeniyeri gushiraho ibiciro biri hasi kumapine yapakiwe byoroshye ubundiimpetacyangwacouplebitemewe, no gushiraho ibiciro biri hejuru kumapine yapakiwe cyane kumuyoboro wihuta ubundi byagenda buhoro.^[18][19]Ibisanzwe kandi ni quartz-oscillator, kuri chip irwanya-ubushobozi bwa oscillator, naicyiciro gifunzehamwe navoltage igenzurwa na oscillatorikoreshwa mugukora amasaha nubuyobozi kimwe no kwihuta cyane serializer-deserializer (SERDES) yohereza amasaha no kwakira isaha yo kugarura.Mubisanzwe biratandukanyeabagereranyaku byinjira byinjijwe kugirango bihuzeibimenyetso bitandukanyeimiyoboro.Bake “ibimenyetso bivanzeFPGAs ”yahurije hamweanalog-to-digitale(ADCs) naimibare-kuri-igereranya(DACs) hamwe nibimenyetso byerekana ibimenyetso bibuza gukora nka aSisitemu-kuri-chip(SoC).^[20]Ibikoresho nkibi bihindura umurongo uri hagati ya FPGA, itwara digitale na zeru kumyenda yimbere yimbere ishobora guhuza,Umwanya-Porogaramu ishobora kugereranya umurongo(FPAA), itwara indangagaciro zisa kumyenda yimbere yimbere ishobora guhuza.

Guhagarika ibitekerezo [Hindura]

Ingingo nyamukuru:Guhagarika ibitekerezo

Urugero rworoshye rwerekana ingirabuzimafatizo (LUT -Imbonerahamwe, FA -Wongeyeho, DFF -D-flip-flop)

Ubusanzwe FPGA yubatswe igizwe na array yaguhagarika ibitekerezo.I / O., na Imiyoboro.^[1]Mubisanzwe, inzira zose zinyuramo zifite ubugari bumwe (umubare winsinga).Ibipapuro byinshi I / O birashobora guhuza muburebure bwumurongo umwe cyangwa ubugari bwinkingi imwe murwego.

“Inzira isaba igomba gushushanywa muri FPGA ifite ibikoresho bihagije.Mugihe umubare wa CLBs / LABs na I / Os usabwa kugenwa byoroshye uhereye kubishushanyo mbonera, umubare wumuhanda ukenewe urashobora gutandukana cyane ndetse no mubishushanyo bifite logique ingana.(Urugero, aGuhinduranyabisaba inzira nyinshi kuruta asystolic arrayhamwe n'irembo rimwe.Kubera ko inzira zidakoreshwa zikoresha byongera ikiguzi (kandi kigabanya imikorere) yigice nta gutanga inyungu, abakora FPGA bagerageza gutanga inzira zihagije kuburyo ibishushanyo byinshi bizahuza mubijyanyeImbonerahamwe(LUTs) na I / Os birashoboraByahinduwe.Ibi bigenwa nigereranya nkibikomokaAmategeko yo gukodeshacyangwa n'ubushakashatsi hamwe n'ibishushanyo bihari. ”^[21]Kuva muri 2018,umuyoboro-kuri-chipimyubakire yo kuyobora no guhuza biri gutezwa imbere.^[bikenewe]

Muri rusange, guhagarika ibitekerezo bigizwe na selile nkeya (bita ALM, LE, ibice nibindi).Akagari gasanzwe kagizwe na 4-yinjije LUT, awongeyeho(FA) na aD-flip-flop.Ibi birashobora kugabanywamo kabiri 3-yinjiza LUTs.Muriuburyo busanzweibyo byahujwe na 4-yinjiza LUT binyuze mubamberekugwiza(mux).Muriimibareburyo, ibisubizo byabo bigaburirwa uwongeyeho.Guhitamo uburyo byateguwe muri mux ya kabiri.Ibisohoka birashobora kubaguhuzacyangwaidahwitse, ukurikije gahunda ya mux ya gatatu.Mu myitozo, yose cyangwa ibice byinyongera nibibitswe nkibikorwamuri LUTs kugirango ubikeumwanya.^[22][23][24]

Inzitizi zikomeye [Hindura]

Imiryango igezweho ya FPGA yagutse kubushobozi bwavuzwe haruguru kugirango ishyiremo urwego rwo hejuru rwashyizwe muri silicon.Kugira iyi mikorere isanzwe yashyizwe mumuzunguruko bigabanya agace gasabwa kandi igaha iyo mirimo kongera umuvuduko ugereranije no kuyubaka kuva muri primitique yumvikana.Ingero zibi zirimokugwiza, rusangeGuhagarika DSP,yashyizwemo, umuvuduko mwinshi I / O logic kandi yashyizwemokwibuka.

Hejuru-FPGAs irashobora kuba irimo umuvuduko mwinshibyinshi-gigabit transceiversnaIP ikomeyenkaintungamubiri,Ethernet ibice bigenzura kugenzura,PCI/PCI Expressabagenzuzi, hamwe n'abashinzwe kwibuka hanze.Izi ngirangingo zibaho hamwe nimyenda ishobora gutegurwa, ariko yubatswe hanzetransistorsaho kuba LUTs rero bafite ASIC-urwegoimikorerenagukoresha ingufuudakoresheje umubare munini wibikoresho byimyenda, usize byinshi mubitambaro kubuntu kubisobanuro byihariye.Trans-transiver ya Multi-gigabit nayo ikubiyemo imikorere ihanitse igereranya ibyinjira hamwe nibisohoka byumuzunguruko hamwe na serializeri yihuta hamwe na deserializers, ibice bidashobora kubakwa hanze ya LUT.Urwego rwohejuru rwumubiri (PHY) imikorere nkaumurongo wa codeirashobora cyangwa ntishobora gushyirwa mubikorwa hamwe na serializers na deserializers muri logique ikomeye, bitewe na FPGA.