IWR6843ARQGALPR ububiko bushya kandi bwumwimerere Ibikoresho bya elegitoronike Byinjijwemo Imirongo Microcontroller IC Chips

Urugendo rwa Silicon rugana hejuru
Umushinga watsinzwe: Bavuga ko Shockley yabonye amahirwe menshi yo kwisoko mugihe ntamuntu wari wagishoboye gukora transistor ya silicon;niyo mpamvu yavuye muri Bell Labs mu 1956 atangiza uruganda rwe muri California.Kubwamahirwe, Shockley ntabwo yari rwiyemezamirimo mwiza kandi gucunga ubucuruzi bwe byari ibicucu ugereranije nubuhanga bwe bwo kwiga.Shockley we rero ntabwo yujuje icyifuzo cyo gusimbuza germanium na silicon, kandi icyiciro ubuzima bwe bwose yari podium muri kaminuza ya Stanford.Umwaka umwe nyuma yo gushingwa, abasore umunani bafite impano yari yarashakishije bamuvuyemo ari benshi, kandi "abahemu umunani" ni bo bagombaga gusohoza icyifuzo cyo gusimbuza germanium na silikoni.

Kuzamuka kwa tristoriste ya silicon

Mbere yuko umunani Renegades ishinga Fairchild Semiconductor, transistor ya germanium niyo soko yiganjemo transistoriste, hamwe na transistor zigera kuri miriyoni 30 zakozwe muri Amerika mu 1957, miliyoni imwe gusa ya tristoriste ya silicon hamwe na tristoriste ya germani hafi miliyoni 29.Mugabane wa 20%, isoko rya Texas ryabaye igihangange kumasoko ya transistor.

Abakiriya benshi ku isoko, guverinoma y’Amerika n’igisirikare, barashaka gukoresha chip ku bwinshi muri roketi na misile, kongera umutwaro w’agaciro wo kohereza no kunoza ubwizerwe bw’imikorere igenzura.Ariko tristoriste nayo izagerwaho nubuzima bubi buterwa nubushyuhe bwinshi hamwe no kunyeganyega gukabije.

Germanium niyambere yatakaye mugihe cyubushyuhe: transistor ya germanium irashobora kwihanganira ubushyuhe bwa 80 ° C gusa, mugihe igisirikare gisabwa kugirango gikore neza ndetse no kuri 200 ° C.Gusa imwe ishobora kwihanganira ubu bushyuhe ni transistor ya silicon.
Sendong yahimbye inzira yo gukora tristoriste ya silicon, ikora yoroshye kandi ikora neza nkibitabo byacapwe, kandi bihendutse cyane kuruta transistor ya germanium ukurikije igiciro.Inzira ya Fairchild yo gukora transistor ya silicon yari itoroshye kuburyo bukurikira.

Ubwa mbere, imiterere yashushanijwe n'intoki, rimwe na rimwe nini cyane ku buryo ifata urukuta, hanyuma igishushanyo gifotorwa hanyuma kigabanywa ku rupapuro ruto rusobanutse, akenshi rufite imirongo ibiri y'impapuro eshatu, buri kimwe kigereranya urwego rw'umuzunguruko.

Icya kabiri, urwego rwibikoresho byorohereza urumuri rushyirwa kumurongo wa silikoni yaciwe kandi isennye neza, hanyuma UV / laser ikoreshwa mukurinda ishusho yumuzingi kurupapuro rwa transillumination kuri wafer ya silicon.

Icya gatatu, uturere n'imirongo mugice cyijimye cyurupapuro rwa transillumination bisiga ibishushanyo bitagaragara kuri wafer ya silicon;ubu buryo butamenyekanye busukurwa hamwe nigisubizo cya acide, kandi hongeweho umwanda wa semiconductor (tekinike ya diffuzione) cyangwa ibyuma byuma.

Icya kane, gusubiramo intambwe eshatu hejuru kuri buri wafer isobanutse, umubare munini wa tristoriste urashobora kuboneka kuri wafer ya silicon, igabanywa nabakozi babagore munsi ya microscope hanyuma igahuzwa ninsinga, hanyuma igapakira, ikageragezwa, ikagurishwa.

Hamwe na tristoriste nyinshi ya silicon ku isoko, Fairchild, yashinzwe na umunani wahemutse, yari mubigo byashoboraga guhagarara hamwe nibihangange nka Texas Instruments.
Umushoferi w'ingenzi - Intel
Nibyavumbuwe nyuma yumuzunguruko wahurijwe hamwe werekana ubwiganze bwa germanium.Muri kiriya gihe hari imirongo ibiri yikoranabuhanga, imwe yumuzunguruko wahujwe kuri chipi ya germanium ivuye muri Texas Instruments nindi imwe ya sisitemu ihuriweho kuri chipiki ya silicon ivuye muri Fairchild.Mu mizo ya mbere, ayo masosiyete yombi yagiranye amakimbirane akomeye ku bijyanye no gutunga ipatanti ku muyoboro uhuriweho, ariko nyuma ibiro bishinzwe ipatanti byemera ko nyir'ipatanti afite imizunguruko ihuriweho n'ibigo byombi.
Ariko, uko inzira ya Fairchild yarushijeho gutera imbere, yabaye ihame ryumuzunguruko kandi iracyakoreshwa nubu.Nyuma, Noyce, wavumbuye umuzunguruko uhuriweho, na Moore, wavumbuye amategeko ya Moore, bavuye muri Centron Semiconductor, kuko, bombi, bari bagize "Abagambanyi umunani".Hamwe na Grove, bashinze isosiyete ikora chip nini nini cyane ku isi - Intel.
Mu iterambere ryakurikiyeho, Intel yasunitse chipicon.Yatsinze Texas Instruments, Motorola, na IBM kugirango ibe umwami wububiko bwa semiconductor hamwe numurenge wa CPU.

Igihe Intel yabaye umukinnyi wiganje mu nganda, silicon nayo yarangije germanium, kandi icyahoze ari ikibaya cya Santa Clara cyiswe "Ikibaya cya Silicon".Kuva icyo gihe, chipiki ya silicon yahindutse kimwe na semiconductor chip mubitekerezo rusange.